China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Applications of Silica-Based Nanomaterials for Combinatorial Drug Delivery in Breast Cancer Treatment
Published in Yasser Shahzad, Syed A.A. Rizvi, Abid Mehmood Yousaf, Talib Hussain, Drug Delivery Using Nanomaterials, 2022
Mubin Tarannum, Juan L. Vivero-Escoto
Breast cancer (BC) is one of the most frequently diagnosed cancer in women, with 30% of all new cancer diagnoses and is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths among women in the USA (Kucharczyk et al. 2017). Currently, BC is divided into subtypes based on the molecular heterogeneity: estrogen/progesterone receptor, HER2 receptor, luminal A, luminal B and, triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). These receptors serve as markers for diagnosis and targeted hormonal therapies. The molecular subtype of BC is an important prognostic variable along with tumor size and nodal size which impact the prognosis and influence the decision making in BC treatment (Prat et al. 2015). For example, the HER2-positive and basal-like subtypes are typically aggressive and suffer from poor outcomes, whereas the Luminal A tumors showed better outcomes. Traditionally, BC therapy involves a multimodal strategy including neoadjuvant chemotherapy, surgery, and radiotherapy accompanied with adjuvant chemotherapy and/or endocrine therapy (Sachdev and Jahanzeb 2016). Systemic neoadjuvant therapy, mostly chemotherapy, may decrease the tumor burden to increase the possibility of surgery usually provides greater chances for breast-conservating surgery. Adjuvant therapy involves local radiation, systemic chemotherapy, molecular targeted therapies, or their combination (Kucharczyk et al. 2017). Adjuvant systemic chemotherapy is a mainstay in the clinic for controlling the disease and improving survival as well as chemotherapy remains the core treatment for metastatic breast cancer (Sachdev and Jahanzeb 2016).
Clinical Management of Pancreatic Cancer
Published in Vittorio Cristini, Eugene J. Koay, Zhihui Wang, An Introduction to Physical Oncology, 2017
The goals of neoadjuvant therapy are to increase the probability of successful surgery and to reduce the risk of local and distant recurrence. Two decades of research have shown this approach to be safe and well tolerated [241]. In addition to identifying patients who have aggressive biology and who would not have benefited from a radical surgery, the preoperative therapy provides some prognostic information for those who do undergo resection, as the extent of pathological response to therapy has been associated with outcomes [242]. However, only a small minority of patients achieve an excellent response to neoadjuvant therapy (less than 10% viable tumor cells), and methods to identify these patients a priori are currently lacking in the clinic. Namely, with the exception of CA19-9 (see “Definition of Technical Terms”), a biomarker with several limitations, there are no viable prognostic or predictive biomarkers for PDAC [243].
Gastrointestinal system
Published in David A Lisle, Imaging for Students, 2012
Management options for rectal carcinoma include surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Surgery for rectal carcinoma is potentially curative and consists of complete removal of the rectum and surrounding mesorectal fat and lymphatics, i.e. total mesorectal excision (TME). TNM staging of rectal carcinoma may assist in directing management. TME may be used for tumours that have not invaded beyond the rectal wall, i.e. T1 or T2. For higher stage tumours, neoadjuvant chemotherapy or a combination of neoadjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy may be used prior to surgery. For advanced invasive disease or metastatic disease, non-curative surgery such as local excision and stoma may be used to palliate obstruction.
Current status of biopsy markers for the breast in clinical settings
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2022
Elian A. Martin, Neeraj Chauhan, Vijian Dhevan, Elias George, Partha Laskar, Meena Jaggi, Subhash C. Chauhan, Murali M. Yallapu
To gain control over early tumors and debulk primary breast tumors, neoadjuvant chemotherapy is given to women diagnosed with breast cancer prior to surgical operations. Breast cancer tumors may substantially shrink in size and may sometimes show complete regression of the tumor with neoadjuvant chemotherapy [4]. With varying success rates depending on the regiment, presurgical chemotherapy near/complete cancer regression was seen in 57% of patients in a cohort of 28 [22]. The placement of the breast markers is vital to verify that the initial cancer site can be localized after the intervention of neoadjuvant chemotherapy [23]. While breast markers are commonly placed within the malignant tumor at the end of percutaneous biopsies, they can also be placed when the patient undergoes placement of a central venous catheter prior to chemotherapy treatment [24].