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Interactions of Carbon Nanostructures with Lipid Membranes
Published in Heather N. Hayenga, Helim Aranda-Espinoza, Biomaterial Mechanics, 2017
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterized by the accumulation of lipids in the liver. The disease starts as a relatively benign condition as a simple steatosis that unfortunately progresses into steatohepatitis, which is a more severe stage of NAFLD. In this condition, lipids accumulation occurs with inflammation. Exposure to carbon particles has been suggested to generate hepatosteatosis by an oxidative stress mechanism. As we have already described, oxidative stress and inflammation are key mechanisms of action of particle-generated health effects. Particles can generate ROS and decrease the activity of antioxidant defense system.
Terpenoids in Treatment of Liver Disease
Published in Dijendra Nath Roy, Terpenoids Against Human Diseases, 2019
Sujan Chatterjee, Debajyoti Patra, Pujita Ghosh, Akash Prasad, Kaustav Dutta Chowdhury
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterized by a spectrum of liver diseases—ranging from hepatic steatosis to NASH, liver fibrosis, lobular necro-inflammation and cirrhosis—specifically in patients who do not consume excessive amounts of alcohol (Byrne and Targher 2015; Bhatia et al. 2012; Fan and Farrell 2009). It is believed to be an essential component of the liver metabolic syndrome, including insulin resistance, obesity, hyperlipidaemia, dyslipidaemia and hypertension (Karlas et al. 2013; Li et al. 2014b; Liu et al. 2015b). Together with obesity, it is commonly associated with diabetes mellitus type 2, metabolic syndrome and pro-inflammatory processes (Angulo 2002; Hassan et al. 2014; Tilg and Moschen 2010). Pathogenesis is associated with dietary high fat intake, decreased free fatty acid (FFA) oxidation, increased hepatic lipogenesis, deposition of TGs and lipolysis from the adipose tissue. These metabolic alterations contribute to hepatic fat accumulation. Long-term excess fat accumulation and a concentration of hepatic TGs exceeding 5% liver weight lead to NAFLD and represent a global health problem that has no effective therapeutic approach. NAFLD includes a series of complex, multifaceted pathological processes involving oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis and metabolism. Epidemiological studies suggest that lifestyle modifications—such as altered diet with reduced caloric intake, weight loss and physical activity—are safe and effective interventions for improving obesity-mediated insulin resistance and NAFLD (Pan et al. 2014; Kim et al. 2013). However, because of poor patient compliance, these strategies have limited impact on the incidence and severity of NAFLD at the population level (Haga et al. 2015; Jacome-Sosa et al, 2014; Zelber-Sagi et al. 2012).
Herbal Therapies
Published in Anil K. Sharma, Raj K. Keservani, Surya Prakash Gautam, Herbal Product Development, 2020
H. Shahrul, M. L. Tan, A. H. Auni, S. R. Nur, S. M. N. Nurul
Liver is a vital organ that is a center for metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and the excretion of metabolites. It is also the site for metabolism and excretion of drugs and other xenobiotic from the body. Thus, providing protection against foreign substances by detoxifying and eliminating them. Liver diseases is a major health problem in countries with high endemicity. Cirrhosis is a late-stage liver disease which occurs when scar tissue replaces healthy tissue. Liver cirrhosis caused over one million deaths in 2010, which is equivalent to approximately 2% of all deaths worldwide (Mokdad et al., 2014). Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common liver cancer that begins at the hepatocytes. Hepatitis is a viral infection defined by inflammation of the liver, whereas alcoholic liver disease is a damage to liver due to alcohol abuse. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the accumulation of triglycerides within hepatocytes that exceeds 5% of liver weight, which most commonly results from metabolic syndrome on hepatic metabolism (Kneeman et al., 2012). Silybum marianum is known as milk thistle (MT). It is one of the earliest and extensively studied for treating liver diseases. It grows as a stout thistle in areas with rock soils, with large purple-flowering heads. The leaf is characterized by its milky veins, from which the name of plant is derived (Abenavoli et al., 2010). MT is also known as blessed thistle, bull thistle, fructus cardui mariae, fructus silybi mariae, holy thistle, Lady’s milk, Lady’s thistle, marian thistle, St. Mary thistle, mild marian thistle, milk thistle, pternix, Silberdistil, silibinin, silybe, silybon, silybum, silymarin, thistle, and thistle of the Blessed Virgin. It has been used medicinally since the 4th century BC. Ancient practitioners used its extract to treating hepatitis, cirrhosis, and jaundice. Besides that, it is used for protecting the liver of chemical and environmental toxins from snake bites, insect stings, mushroom poisoning and alcohol. Its active component is a lipophilic extract which is derived from its seeds. It consists of three flavonolignan isomer of silymarin (Rambaldi et al., 2005). Silymarin is extracted from dried MT seeds because it exists in higher concentrations compared to other parts of the plant (Abenavoli et al., 2010). The active constituents of silymarin consist of silibinin, isosilybinin, silydianin, and silychristin. Silibinin is the major and most active component in silymarin, at about 60%–70% (Saller et al., 2001). Silymarin is used worldwide for many years as an alternative medicine for treatment of hepatic diseases. It prevents lipid peroxidation by scavenging free radical scavenging and increasing the glutathione (GSH) level. It regulates membrane permeability and increases membrane stability in the presence of xenobiotic damage. Besides that, it also regulates nuclear expression through steroid-like effects. Silymarin inhibits the transformation of stellate hepatocytes into myofibroblasts that mediate the deposition of collagen fibers that lead to liver damage (Polyak et al., 2010; Pradhan and Girish, 2006). Many studies suggest that silymarin has the potential of treating chronic liver diseases, especially NAFLD.
Two mixed-ligand Cu(II) complexes: crystal structures and treatment activity on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)
Published in Inorganic and Nano-Metal Chemistry, 2021
Jin-Jing Hong, Kai-Lun Hu, Jin-Chao Mao, Miao-Yao Lin
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) refers to a clinicopathological syndrome characterized by liver cell steatosis and lipid deposition in the liver cells. NAFLD is usually induced by multiple factors in addition to alcohol and other causes that clearly damage the liver [1]. As the NAFLD progresses, it can progress from simple fatty liver to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), or even cirrhosis. The prevalence of NAFLD in the world is about 20%, and the prevalence of NAFLD in adults in China is about 15%, and the incidence is increasing in the recent years [2]. At present, the pathogenesis of NAFLD is not fully understood. Recent researches on the pathogenesis of NAFLD are mainly described in terms of lipid breakdown and storage disorders, insulin resistance, lipid peroxidation, inflammatory response and inflammatory cytokines stimulation, as well as endoplasmic reticulum emergency [3].
Mechanisms of beneficial effects of exercise training on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): Roles of oxidative stress and inflammation
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2019
Parvin Farzanegi, Amir Dana, Zeynab Ebrahimpoor, Mahdieh Asadi, Mohammad Ali Azarbayjani
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common chronic liver disease which affects 25–30% of people around the world. It is expected to become, by 2030, the main indication for liver transplantation worldwide (Byrne & Targher, 2015). The initial result of NAFLD is the accumulation of fats in the liver parenchyma and persistent abnormalities in liver enzymes, which ultimately leads to liver enlargement. NAFLD not only causes a wide range of liver diseases such as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and cirrhosis, but it is also strongly associated with various secondary complications such as insulin resistance (IR), obesity, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and cardiovascular disease (Abd El-Kader & El-Den Ashmawy, 2015).
Medical infrared thermal image based fatty liver classification using machine and deep learning
Published in Quantitative InfraRed Thermography Journal, 2023
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common disorder where there is accumulation of excess fat in the liver affecting people who drink little to no alcohol [1]. NAFLD includes different stages of metabolic liver disease from simple steatosis to steatohepatitis, advanced fibrosis, cirrhosis, and later hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) [1]. Due to the substantial change in lifestyle and diet of many people in different countries NAFLD is gaining spread as 15% in 2005 to 25% in 2010 [2,3]. In the USA approximately 100 million people are estimated to have NAFLD, and especially among children it is the most common form of liver disease.