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Microbial Food-borne Diseases Due to Climate Change
Published in Javid A. Parray, Suhaib A. Bandh, Nowsheen Shameem, Climate Change and Microbes, 2022
John Mohd War, Anees Un Nisa, Abdul Hamid Wani, Mohd Yaqub Bhat
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is one among the most recurrent cause of food-borne infections. The shape of the virus is spherical containing single-stranded RNA with an icosahedral protein coat about 30 nm in diameter. HAV is a member of the family Picornaviridae (Drexler et al., 2015; Lauber and Gorbalenya, 2012). The sources of infection are contaminated water or water products (undercooked or raw shellfishes and oysters), contaminated foods, or infected food handler (Greening, 2006; Robertson et al., 1992; Hernandez et al., 1997). The virus is responsible for a severe medical condition hepatitis A disease which is characterized with inflammation of liver with symptoms like fever, diarrhea, nausea, dark urine, jaundice, light colored stools, upset stomach and pain, joint pain, loss of appetite, and rarely, it may cause renal failure and death of an individual. The WHO global hepatitis report (2017) for first time in 2015 provides the global estimate of viral hepatitis cases. As per the report, roughly 4% of the global population lives with hepatitis (viral) and about 1.34 million deaths per year occur due to this disease. Since 2000, the deaths due to viral hepatitis has increased by 22%. The World Health Assembly in May 2016 authorized the global health sector strategy on viral hepatitis 2016–2021 which calls for the eradication of viral hepatitis as a public health danger by 2030 (reducing morbidity by 90% and mortality by 65%).
Tissue Engineering and Application in Tropical Medicine
Published in Rajesh K. Kesharwani, Raj K. Keservani, Anil K. Sharma, Tissue Engineering, 2022
Viral hepatitis is an important group of infection. The main affected organ in this viral infection is liver. Several hepatitis viruses can cause hepatitis. The good examples are hepatitis A virus, hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus. In tropical developing countries, the hepatitis virus infection is common and becomes the big local public health problem. Some specific kinds of viral hepatitis, especially for hepatitis B and hepatitis C, it can result in chronic liver pathology. The impairment of liver cells can be seen and this can further result in hepatitis failure, cirrhosis, or malignant transformation. The liver fibrosis is common in chronic hepatitis viral infection. The deterioration of liver function in chronic viral hepatitis is common and becomes important problem in infected patients. To manage the chronic viral hepatitis, it is usually difficult and requires good investigation. Similar to the case of using tissue engineering for regenerative therapy for brain pathology in Japanese encephalitis, the role of tissue engineering in regeneration of liver tissue problems, especially for fibrosis, in chronic viral hepatitis can be expected (Köhn-Gaone et al., 2016). In addition, engineered liver model can be useful in novel drug discovery (Lin et al., 2015).
Toxicology
Published in Martin B., S.Z., of Industrial Hygiene, 2018
Hepatitis, or liver inflammation, can occur in response to chemically induced hepatic cell injury, or as a result of viral infection. It is characterized by the activation of Kupffer cells and the presence of other inflammatory and immune system cells such as neutrophils, macrophages, lymphocytes, and plasma cells. These cells function to remove cellular debris, destroy foreign agents, produce antibodies, and repair damaged tissues. Many of these cells produce toxic oxygen-free radicals as a means to destroy foreign organisms, but at excessive levels, can also damage parenchymal cells.
Local and global stability of an HCV viral dynamics model with two routes of infection and adaptive immunity
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2023
Marya Sadki, Sanaa Harroudi, Karam Allali
It is acknowledged that hepatitis C virus (HCV) poses a significant health challenge for the world nowadays. HCV is a virus that causes a serious viral infectious disease that attacks the liver, and hence it is responsible for both chronic and acute hepatitis whose severity ranges from a mild illness to a serious chronic illness such cancer and liver cirrhosis. The World Health Organization WHO (2021) stated that 58 million people had chronic HCV infection, with around 1.5 million new infections registered every year, and an estimated of 290,000 people having lost their lives due to the disease in 2019, mostly due to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (primary liver cancer). The WHO reported that antiviral medicines can cure more than 95% of the patients suffering from hepatitis C infection, although the access to both diagnosis and treatment is still low, especially in developing countries. To reduce the expensive public health consequences and prevent loss of life, mathematical modeling has become crucial in comprehending viral dynamics Landi et al. (2008), Hernandez-Vargas and Velasco-Hernandez (2020), Din et al. (2020), and Layden and Layden (2001). In addition, the modeling of dynamical systems has been applied in many different fields for investigating complex dynamics, such as neuroscience Li et al. (2021), oligopoly models Li et al. (2022b, 2023b), ecological systems Eskandari et al. (2022) and Li et al. (2023a), the spread of infectious diseases Li et al. (2022a) and Bounkaicha and Allali (2023), memristor system Jiang et al. (2022).
Pathogen contamination of groundwater systems and health risks
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2023
Yiran Dong, Zhou Jiang, Yidan Hu, Yongguang Jiang, Lei Tong, Ying Yu, Jianmei Cheng, Yu He, Jianbo Shi, Yanxin Wang
Compared with pathogenic bacteria and protozoa, viruses exhibit the physiological and etiological features that make them a greater threat to groundwater safety. Small size (0.02–0.2 mm), high titers excreted in the feces (105–1011/g stool), low infectious doses (i.e., from <1 to more than 1000 plaque-forming units (PFUs)) and highly variable lethality of enteric viruses facilitate their migration and increase the risks of waterborne diseases (Table S2 and the references therein). While viral pathogens can cause a variety of illnesses, acute gastrointestinal illness is most commonly reported (Table S2). Enteric viruses primarily infect hosts in the intestinal tract, causing stomach or intestine inflammations, infectious diarrhea, fever, nausea, vomiting, stomach pain, dehydration, or weight loss. Other diseases such as polio-like illness, aseptic meningitis, epidemic conjunctivitis, and hand, foot, and mouth have been reported for Enterovirus-infected patients. Infection by Hepatitis A and E viruses can lead to fever, nausea, jaundice, and liver failure (Krauss and Griebler, 2011) (Table S2).
An Efficient Liver Disease Prediction Using Mask-Regional Convolutional Neural Network and Pelican Optimization Algorithm
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2023
J. Aswini, B. Yamini, K. Venkata Ramana, J. Jegan Amarnath
The liver is one of the significant organs in the human and it removes toxins from the body. It maintains healthier blood levels in the body [1]. If the liver fails to operate, many functions of the body are not performed because it causes damage to the body [2]. When the liver is infected by the virus it attacks the entire immune system. Liver diseases are caused by the hepatotropic virus-like hepatitis C virus, hepatitis delta virus, and hepatitis B virus (HBV). The HBV infection affects 257 million people worldwide and 1 million people are chronically affected by HBV and died of liver diseases [3]. Liver diseases are referred to as hepatitis diseases. Hepatitis B, A, E, C, and D are the five classes of strains that caused liver damage. The hepatitis C and hepatitis B strain of the virus resulted in chronic disease. Worldwide, 325 million people are suffered from hepatitis C or B. Liver cirrhosis occurs to liver distortion or fibrosis formation [4]. Due to hepatitis, the liver is inflamed which is caused by the formation of viruses such as B, C, or A [5]. Hepatitis B is spread by body fluids and it sometimes leads to chronic liver infection. Hepatitis C has transferred by the infected blood. The liver disease cannot show any symptoms initially and will stay for several years in the liver. The higher – fat deposits result in fatty liver diseases in the liver [6]. Smoking habits and consumption of alcohol will enhance the disease severity [7,8].