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Optimizing 3D Models of Engineered Skeletal Muscle
Published in Karen J.L. Burg, Didier Dréau, Timothy Burg, Engineering 3D Tissue Test Systems, 2017
Megan E. Kondash, Brittany N. J. Davis, George A. Truskey
In vivo muscle forms neuromuscular junctions with motor neurons, at which they receive their electrical input from the neurons. Denervation of skeletal muscle results in changes in protein expression, leading to atrophy and decreases in force production, as well as fiber type switching resulting in metabolic changes in skeletal muscle (Block et al. 1991; Coderre et al. 1992). When skeletal muscle is denervated, a group of myogenic factors involved in muscle development, including MyoD and myogenin, are upregulated and accompanied by a significant decrease in myofiber cross-sectional area (Voytik et al. 1993; Chen et al. 2011). This upregulation of myogenin directly regulates the expression of atrophy-associated genes that have been connected with losses in muscle mass (Macpherson et al. 2011). Electrical stimulation of engineered skeletal muscle may offer an alternative to innervation, but cannot completely recapitulate the in vivo environment. To more fully mimic the native environment of muscle, neuromuscular junctions have been formed in vitro, in both 2D and 3D culture systems. In 2D, functional neuromuscular junctions have been formed using a variety of cell species combinations, including more recently, human stem-cell derived motoneurons and human skeletal muscle cells: the ideal cell source for use as a drug screening platform. This neuromuscular junction model demonstrated striated skeletal muscle cells capable of firing action potentials in response to motoneuron stimulus, resulting in cell contraction (Guo et al. 2011).
NAC in Abiotic Stresses
Published in Hasanuzzaman Mirza, Nahar Kamrun, Fujita Masayuki, Oku Hirosuke, Tofazzal M. Islam, Approaches for Enhancing Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants, 2019
Sami Ullah Jan, Muhammad Jamil, Muhammad Faraz Bhatti, Alvina Gul
Some TFs are cell/tissue-specific such that a specific type of TF produced by a particular cell may not be required or expressed in another cell (Latchman, 2008). For instance, MyoD transcription factor exists in the cells of skeletal muscle. So, overexpression of skeletal-muscle-specific MyoD in an undifferentiated fibroblast cell will lead to the formation of skeletal muscle cells (Edmondson and Olson, 1993).
Bio-interactive nanoarchitectonics with two-dimensional materials and environments
Published in Science and Technology of Advanced Materials, 2022
Xuechen Shen, Jingwen Song, Cansu Sevencan, David Tai Leong, Katsuhiko Ariga
Substrate viscoelasticity strongly influences cell adhesion, morphology, and differentiation [219–223]. Effective absence of viscoelastic stress in perfluorocarbon-medium liquid interface culture has interesting implications. Minami et al. cultured C2C12 myoblasts at perfluorocarbon–medium interfaces, finding suppression of myogenic differentiation even in differentiation medium (DM) [216]. Myoblasts cultured on polystyrene upregulated myogenic genes myoD, myf5, myogenin, and muscle-specific gene MHC, indicating differentiation into myotubes. Myoblasts cultured on PFO-DM retained high viability and spread but only upregulated myoD; absent viscoelastic stress in liquid–liquid interface culture weakened cellular traction force (CTF), causing mechanotransducive myf5 and myogenin downregulation, which suppressed myogenic differentiation.