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Scaffold Vascularization
Published in Claudio Migliaresi, Antonella Motta, Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering, 2014
Lindsay E. Fitzpatrick, Alexandra Lisovsky, Ema C. Ciucurel, Michael V. Seftona
Levenberg and collaborators used a tri-culture system to create a vascularized muscle tissue, with EC, myoblasts and embryonic fibroblasts seeded on porous biodegradable polymer scaffolds composed of 50% poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) and 50% polylactic-glycolic acid (PLGA).55 in vitro, this tri-culture system spontaneously formed tubular structures within the scaffold, with some of the embryonic fibroblasts becoming SMA-positive over time (suggestive of their differentiation into SMC), and co-localizing with the EC to stabilize the newly formed vascular structures. The skeletal muscle constructs were cultured in vitro for two weeks and then implanted either subcutaneously or intramuscularly in immunocompromised mouse and rat animal models. Evaluation of the implants two weeks after surgery showed the formation of blood vessels within the construct, with 41% of the blood vessels of human origin being perfused with lectin following lectin injection through the tail vein of the animals, thus confirming their connection to the host vasculature. Control injections with EC alone did not result in vessel formation, again presumably due to apoptosis. Furthermore, the implanted muscle construct continued to differentiate and mature over time, with implanted myotubes elongating, becoming multinucleated and expressing myogenin, a muscle-specific marker.55
Bio-interactive nanoarchitectonics with two-dimensional materials and environments
Published in Science and Technology of Advanced Materials, 2022
Xuechen Shen, Jingwen Song, Cansu Sevencan, David Tai Leong, Katsuhiko Ariga
Substrate viscoelasticity strongly influences cell adhesion, morphology, and differentiation [219–223]. Effective absence of viscoelastic stress in perfluorocarbon-medium liquid interface culture has interesting implications. Minami et al. cultured C2C12 myoblasts at perfluorocarbon–medium interfaces, finding suppression of myogenic differentiation even in differentiation medium (DM) [216]. Myoblasts cultured on polystyrene upregulated myogenic genes myoD, myf5, myogenin, and muscle-specific gene MHC, indicating differentiation into myotubes. Myoblasts cultured on PFO-DM retained high viability and spread but only upregulated myoD; absent viscoelastic stress in liquid–liquid interface culture weakened cellular traction force (CTF), causing mechanotransducive myf5 and myogenin downregulation, which suppressed myogenic differentiation.
Serum from differently exercised subjects induces myogenic differentiation in LHCN-M2 human myoblasts
Published in Journal of Sports Sciences, 2018
D. Vitucci, E. Imperlini, R. Arcone, A. Alfieri, A. Canciello, L. Russomando, D. Martone, A. Cola, G. Labruna, S. Orrù, D. Tafuri, A. Mancini, P. Buono
In this study we also examined the effects of human serum factors, such as IGF-1, on myogenic differentiation. We found that serum from differently exercised subjects, containing high levels of IGF-1, induces myogenic differentiation in LHCN-M2 cells, differently from untrained subject’s serum, containing low IGF-1 levels. This finding prompts us to speculate that IGF-1 plays a crucial role in the myogenic differentiation process in LHCN-M2 cells. A series of previously reported results are consistent with this concept. In particular, it has been demonstrated that IGF-1, together with myogenic regulatory factors, is involved in the progression of satellite cell activation during myogenesis and muscle regeneration (Shi & Garry, 2006; Zanou & Gailly, 2013). More recently, it was found that blood factors mediate tissue adaptation in response to exercise in sedentary rats (Goutianos et al., 2016). Notably, serum from exercised subjects was found to affect mitochondrial calcium uniporter expression levels, which in turn conteracts age-related muscle loss in sarcopenia and also reduces the oxidative stress that cause many different dysmetabolic and cardiovascular diseases (Conti et al., 2012; Zampieri et al., 2016). Furthermore, other studies demonstrated that circulating blood factors favour synaptic plasticity in the brain of elderly mice, and reduce age-related cardiac hypertrophy (Loffredo et al., 2013; Villeda et al., 2014).