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The therapeutic role of the components of Aloe vera in activating the factors that induce osteoarthritic joint remodeling
Published in Badal Jageshwar Prasad Dewangan, Maheshkumar Narsingrao Yenkie, Novel Applications in Polymers and Waste Management, 2018
Abhipriya Chatterjee, Patit Paban Kundu
In the early stage of osteoarthritis, degeneration of chondrocytes and type II collagen leads to fibrillation. As the homeostasis between the anabolism and catabolism in the cartilage is lost, constant apoptosis of the chondrocytes occurs mainly in the surface of the articular cartilage. In an attempt to selfrepair, chondrocytes rapidly proliferates, forming irreg ular subarticular cysts. As the disease advances, deep clefts are formed in cartilage, nearby matrix gets depleted of metachromatic material, indi cating loss of proteoglycans. A rapid loss of aggrecan, the most predomi nant proteoglycan in cartilage, results in excessive load on the collagen networks which slowly starts losing its tensile strength and degrade. All these ultimately lead to the destruction of extracellular matrix and loss of cartilage. The degraded fragments of the cartilage get deposited in the synovium which results in thick and hypertrophied synovium and it also triggers the inflammatory response leading to synovitis as shown in Figure 13.3.20,41
Methods for Evaluating Articular Cartilage Quality
Published in Kyriacos A. Athanasiou, Eric M. Darling, Grayson D. DuRaine, Jerry C. Hu, A. Hari Reddi, Articular Cartilage, 2017
Kyriacos A. Athanasiou, Eric M. Darling, Grayson D. DuRaine, Jerry C. Hu, A. Hari Reddi
Dyes commonly used for staining cartilage glycosaminoglycans take advantage of the negative charge of molecules, and these include Safranin O, toluidine blue, and Alcian blue (Figure 5.17). Safranin O is a red to orange stain, often used with Fast Green (a neutral dye) as a counterstain. Articular cartilage should first be protonated in an acidic solution before dye binding occurs. Toluidine blue is a metachromatic dye that changes from blue to pink-purple when the sulfated groups of a glycosaminoglycan molecule bring several dye molecules close together. This color change is only visible under aqueous conditions, and dried toluidine blue complexes will appear blue. Toluidine blue has been used in cartilage histology with aqueous mounts to distinguish sulfated glycosaminoglycans from other anionic species.
Effect of Dye Concentration on Series Resistance of Thionin Dye-Based Organic Diode
Published in Nazmul Islam, Satya Bir Singh, Prabhat Ranjan, A. K. Haghi, Mathematics Applied to Engineering in Action, 2021
Pallab Kumar Das, Swapan Bhunia, Sarmistha Basu, N. B. Manik
Thionin is a strongly metachromatic dye, useful for the staining of acid mucopolysaccharides. It is also a common nuclear stain and can be used for the demonstration of Nissl substance in nerve cells of the CNS. The plant peptide family of thionins normally consists of 45–48 amino acids of which 6–8 are cysteins. These form 3–4 disulfide bridges stabilizing an L-shape with two anti-parallel alpha-helices as the long axis and a small anti-parallel beta-strand as the short axis. There is, apparently, another dye named thionin blue (CI 52025) which is very occasionally confused with thionin, but which cannot be substituted for it. The structure of the dye is shown in Figure 6.1.
Removal of phosphate by Staphylococcus aureus under aerobic and alternating anaerobic–aerobic conditions
Published in Environmental Technology, 2018
Malairajan Sumathi, Namasivayam Vasudevan
The two strains namely PAO 33 and PAO 31 were found to remove 81% and 69% of phosphate, respectively, from PAM–TBO. Though 18 bacterial strains were found to remove phosphate in the range of 70–81%, higher polyphosphate content was observed only in PAO 33 and PAO 31. Intracellular polyphosphate content of PAO 33 and PAO 31 was found to be 93 and 67 mM/gm dcw, respectively (Figure 2). Since PAO 33 removed a higher amount of phosphate with increased polyphosphate storage than PAO 31, PAO 33 was investigated in further tests. Toluidine blue, an acidophilic dye [40] with metachromatic activity [41], when added selectively binds with polyphosphate resulting in the colour reduction of the PAM–TBO medium. Polyphosphates, being a component of metachromatic granules (volutin) along with lipoprotein, RNA and magnesium, are considered to be the reserve food source formed during phosphate uptake [42–44].
Kinetic and thermodynamic study of thionine dye adsorption by peanut hull
Published in Indian Chemical Engineer, 2021
Alpana Saini, Sanghamitra Barman, Dipaloy Datta, Kinshuk Sharma, Karan Kumar, Nitin Goyal
Thionine dye (Figure 1) is a strongly staining metachromatic dye widely used for the biological staining of DNA and mucopolysaccharides. It also affects photosynthesis of the aquatic plants and thus disrupts the ecosystem. Thionine has a strong affinity towards double-stranded and single-stranded DNA or RNA. When the thionine compound containing wastewater is consumed by the aquatic animals, it may lead to intercalation [14] in their genetic sequence producing genetically altered DNA to successive generation.