Toluidine blue – Knowledge and References

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Methods for Evaluating Articular Cartilage Quality

Published in Kyriacos A. Athanasiou, Eric M. Darling, Grayson D. DuRaine, Jerry C. Hu, A. Hari Reddi, Articular Cartilage, 2017

Kyriacos A. Athanasiou, Eric M. Darling, Grayson D. DuRaine, Jerry C. Hu, A. Hari Reddi

Dyes commonly used for staining cartilage glycosaminoglycans take advantage of the negative charge of molecules, and these include Safranin O, toluidine blue, and Alcian blue (Figure 5.17). Safranin O is a red to orange stain, often used with Fast Green (a neutral dye) as a counterstain. Articular cartilage should first be protonated in an acidic solution before dye binding occurs. Toluidine blue is a metachromatic dye that changes from blue to pink-purple when the sulfated groups of a glycosaminoglycan molecule bring several dye molecules close together. This color change is only visible under aqueous conditions, and dried toluidine blue complexes will appear blue. Toluidine blue has been used in cartilage histology with aqueous mounts to distinguish sulfated glycosaminoglycans from other anionic species.

Isotherm and kinetic modelling of Toluidine Blue (TB) removal from aqueous solution using Lemna minor

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Journal Information

Published in International Journal of Phytoremediation, 2018

Emilia Neag, Dana Malschi, Andrada Măicăneanu

Toluidine Blue (TB), a phenothiazine type dye, has been used in medicine, textile industry, and biotechnology, as a mediator for various reactions, photosensitizer and as labelling agent for organisms identification (Alpat et al. 2008).