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The Use of Microfluidic Technology in Mechanobiology Research
Published in Jiro Nagatomi, Eno Essien Ebong, Mechanobiology Handbook, 2018
Brittany McGowan, Sachin Jambovane, Jong Wook Hong, Jiro Nagatomi
Cells require a supply of nutrients and removal of metabolic waste for survival. For this reason, culture media and any secreted waste surrounding the cells must be moved regularly through the channels of the microfluidic device. Typically small pumps, including rotary and ultrasonic pumps ranging in rates between 10 μL/min to several mL/min, are used to drive fluid transfer [54]. Other approaches to help move fluid through the microfluidic device include the use of a system of Braille pins [29,34]. This method uses a number of small pins, acting as pneumatic valves, to deform the fluidic membrane and push fluids through the channels (Figure 28.7). A Braille pin array offers more flexibility in controlling fluid movements as it is not limited to flow in one direction [61]. The design of the channel geometries is more restricted though, because the pins are fixed in specific locations in the Braille display and cannot be spaced closely together [61]. Passive methods of fluid movement can also be used, relying on the surface tension of the liquids to move fluids between the ends of the channels. By creating droplets of different sizes, a pressure gradient is created that moves the fluids through the channel. This offers the benefit of little equipment and requires no tubing to perform fluidic experiments. However, this technique only works effectively for low flow rates and low pressures [29].
Glossary of scientific and technical terms in bioengineering and biological engineering
Published in Megh R. Goyal, Scientific and Technical Terms in Bioengineering and Biological Engineering, 2018
Cell type is s specific subset of cells within the body, defined by their appearance, location and function. Adipocyte: the functional cell type of fat, or adipose tissue, that is found throughout the body, particularly under the skin. Cardiomyocytes: the functional muscle cell type of the heart that allows it to beat continuously and rhythmically. Chondrocyte: the functional cell type that makes cartilage for joints, ear canals, trachea, epiglottis, larynx, the discs between vertebrae and the ends of ribs. Fibroblast: a connective or support cell found within most tissues of the body. Hepatocyte: the functional cell type of the liver that makes enzymes for detoxifying metabolic waste, destroying red blood cells and reclaiming their constituents, and the synthesis of proteins for the blood plasma. Hematopoietic cell: the functional cell type that makes blood. Hematopoietic cells are found within the bone marrow of adults. Neuron: the functional cell type of the brain that is specialized in conducting impulses. Osteoblast: the functional cell type responsible for making bone. Islet cell: the functional cell of the pancreas that is responsible for secreting insulin, glucogon, gastrin and somatostatin. Together, these molecules regulate a number of processes including carbohydrate and fat metabolism, blood glucose levels and acid secretions into the stomach.
Occupational toxicology of the kidney
Published in Chris Winder, Neill Stacey, Occupational Toxicology, 2004
The kidney plays a principal role in the regulation of extracellular fluid volume, acid–base balance and electrolyte composition, as well as excretion of metabolic waste products (Brenner 2000). The kidney has a high blood flow–mass ratio and is thus typically exposed to higher concentrations of blood-borne chemicals than most other organs. It also has a unique function of concentrating urine and its constituents, which can include exogenous compounds such as chemicals and drugs. These properties make the kidney uniquely susceptible to injury. Occupational renal injury can occur through trauma, biochemical, haemodynamic or immunological mechanisms (Bennett and Porter 1993). An understanding of the structure and normal functional processes of the kidney is required to fully understand renal injury.
A randomized controlled trial of manual therapy and pneumatic compression for recovery from prolonged running – an extended study
Published in Research in Sports Medicine, 2018
Amanda M. Heapy, Martin D. Hoffman, Heidie H. Verhagen, Samuel W. Thompson, Pavitra Dhamija, Fiona J. Sandford, Mary C. Cooper
Athletes commonly employ post-exercise interventions hoping they will enhance recovery following training or competition. Mitigating the effects of one bout of intense physical activity and returning to training can provide a valuable performance advantage when maximal training is imperative; such as that required for high performance in long distance running (Scrimgeour, Noakes, Adams, & Myburgh, 1986). Muscle damage that occurs during strenuous exercise results from both mechanical stress of muscle fibres, inflammatory processes and damage cause by metabolites, and metabolic waste accumulation (Howatson & Van Someren, 2008; McAnulty et al., 2007; Tidball, 2005). Popular recovery methods include compression, massage, cryotherapy, heat application, nutritional strategies, pharmaceutical administration, electrotherapy and ultrasound, sleep, stretching and active recovery, all which aim to expedite recovery or reduce symptoms from these underlying causes of muscle damage (Howatson & Van Someren, 2008; Machado et al., 2016; Nédélec et al., 2013; Peterson et al., 2015; Smith et al., 1993; Visconti, Capra, Carta, Forni, & Janin, 2015).
Toxicological safety, antioxidant activity and phytochemical characterization of leaf and bark aqueous extracts of Commiphora leptophloeos (Mart.) J.B. Gillett
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2023
Lucas Felipe de Melo Alcântara, Pedro Thiago da Silva, Quesya Mamede de Oliveira, Talita Giselly dos Santos Souza, Marllyn Marques da Silva, George Souza Feitoza, Wendeo Kennedy Costa, Maria Aparecida da Conceição de Lira, Cristiano Aparecido Chagas, Francisco Carlos Amanajás de Aguiar Júnior, Maria Tereza dos Santos Correia, Márcia Vanusa da Silva
In contrast, kidneys are responsible for filtering blood plasma and excreting toxic or metabolic waste substances from the body. Kidneys are composed of nephrons, a morphofunctional unit, which continuously produce urine. In this study, the glomerulus and renal corpuscle, structures responsible for filtration, were examined (Derakhshanfar, Roshanzamir, and Bidadkosh 2013). In addition, the levels of urea and creatinine in the blood serum were measured. These findings demonstrated that all parameters were at normal levels in animals treated with a single dose after 14 days.