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Medical Implications of Stress
Published in J. Rose, Human Stress and the Environment, 2021
Apart from childhood, there is no period of a woman's life that escapes the threat of ill-health in relation to her reproductive functions. These adverse effects, many of which are psychiatric, may occur at the menarche, proceeding to premenstrual manifestations in adult life, contraceptive problems, puerperal depression, and symptoms associated with the menopause and post-menopausal years. Finally, in old age, unless prevented, the morbid toll of osteoporosis frequently supervenes.
Performance, motivation, and enjoyment in young female basketball players: An interdisciplinary approach
Published in Journal of Sports Sciences, 2020
André L. A. Soares, Thiago J. Leonardi, Jaqueline Silva, Juarez V. Nascimento, Roberto R. Paes, Carlos E. Gonçalves, Humberto M. Carvalho
Adding to the previous observations, age at menarche in the present sample was, on average, 11.8 (95% CI: 11.5 to 12.1 years). Hence, attained the age at menarche in the present sample was earlier than observations based on Brazilian data (Duarte, 1993; Leonardi et al., 2018) and worldwide observations (Eveleth & Tanner, 1991). Consistent with previous observations that included part of the sample in the present study (H. M. Carvalho et al., 2019; Leonardi et al., 2018), the female basketball players considered in the study were, on average, advanced in maturity status. However, there was no substantial variation by competitive level in players´ age at menarche (see Supplementary Table 1). These results suggest that the overrepresentation of early maturing girls in competitive basketball at the early ages of selection is independent of the competitive level. These observations were also consistent with recent data in female Portuguese basketball, showing a trend of overrepresentations of early maturing girls within the teams selected to represent regional teams at the national championship (Ramos et al., 2018). However, caution is warranted in the interpretation of the Portuguese data, as acknowledged by the authors, as maturity status estimations were based on the maturity offset protocol, which has limited validity (R. M. Malina et al., 2006). The present data suggest that early maturing, bigger girls may be advantaged to be retained within youth basketball programs. At least in the context of our observation, basketball coaches should consider training strategies to allow late-maturing girls to remain engaged in sport. Particularly for stature, a late-maturing girl may have a greater potential to attain higher adult stature (R. M. Malina et al., 2004).
Is there an association between joint range of motion and muscle strength in young female dancers? And, does it depend on the effects of age and menarche?
Published in Research in Sports Medicine, 2022
Nili Steinberg, Itzhak Siev-Ner, Aviva Zeev, Shay Tenenbaum
In young females, the menarche (first onset of the menses) provides a clear indicator of biological maturation (Mendle et al., 2010). Puberty is accompanied by rapid skeletal growth and hormonal changes, both of which are thought to contribute to alterations in soft tissue metabolic and mechanical properties (Wild et al., 2012). Along pubertal development, changes in musculoskeletal structure and function may alter lower limb strength and flexibility, which may impact athletic ability and sport performance (Wild et al., 2012). As for joint ROM in pre-puberty, the ROM of most joints ROM is expected to slightly increase due to the hormonal changes taking place (D. Hamilton et al., 2006; Steinberg, Tenenbaum et al., 2018). Dance related joint ROM (such as hip external rotation-“turnout” position; and ankle and foot plantarflexion-“en-pointe”) were found to be improved over one year of dance training around the age onset of menarche (K. L. Bennell et al., 2001; Steinberg, Tenenbaum et al., 2018). Intense dance training (for more than six hours a week) between the ages 11–14 years, was found to be associated with increased joint ROM, as the rate of skeletal modelling in girls at those ages is particularly pronounced (D. Hamilton et al., 2006). Bones may respond better to mechanical load along that developmental age, with markedly reduced response two years following menarche (D. Hamilton et al., 2006). Considering strength and menarche, during that growth and development process along puberty, increased muscle strength may present a unique phenomenon for paediatric athletes and dancers. Day et al. (2015) explained that along the period of 1-year pre-menarche through 1-year post-menarche, physical activity participation would be positively associated with increased muscle strength development. A high proportion of total muscle strength at adulthood is gained during that period of accelerated growth and maturation (Day et al., 2015).
Ultrasonography and clinical examination of knee injuries in pre- and post- menarche dancers
Published in Research in Sports Medicine, 2018
Nili Steinberg, Myriam Stern, Shay Tenenbaum, Alexander Blankstein, Aviva Zeev, Itzhak Siev-Ner
In young females, the menarche (first onset of menses) provides a clear indicator of pubertal timing (Mendle, Harden, Brooks-Gunn, & Graber, 2010). Menarche is associated with slowing and eventual cessation of skeletal growth and may therefore have important implications for lower-limb alignment, biomechanics changes and injury risk (Froehle, Grannis, Sherwood, & Duren, 2016).