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Cross-Linked Polymers for Drug Delivery Systems
Published in Munmaya K. Mishra, Applications of Encapsulation and Controlled Release, 2019
Hu et al. designed in situ gels for the delivery of exenatide. The in situ gel was prepared from phospholipid S100 and medium-chain triglyceride. In vivo studies in diabetic animal models revealed that a single subcutaneous injection of the formulation resulted in a hypoglycemic effect and controlled the blood glucose level comparably to exenatide solution [92]. Oh et al. prepared a Pluronic-based in situ gel loaded with exenatide and demonstrated the extended duration of antidiabetic effects of the drug-loaded gel. In vivo studies on mice in which the formulation was administered subcutaneously revealed a reduction in blood glucose level by 60.8% (from 438.46 ± 81.25 mg/dl at 0 h to 172.21 ± 26.49 mg/dl at 10 h) and 74.3% (from 382.25 ± 89.80 mg/dl at 0 h to 98.5 ± 37.68 mg/dl at 10 h) when compared with free exenatide, for which the reduction was 26.9% (from 242.34 ± 29.19 mg/dl at 0 h to 177.34 ± 25.45 mmol/l at 4 h) [93].
Nanoemulsions: Status in Antimicrobial Therapy
Published in Adwitiya Sinha, Megha Rathi, Smart Healthcare Systems, 2019
Atinderpal Kaur, Rakhi Bansal, Sonal Gupta, Reema Gabrani, Shweta Dang
Kelmann, Kuminek, Teixeira, and Koester (2007) developed an NE loaded with carbamazepine for parenteral use by using spontaneous emulsification process. In this study, 22 full factorial design was used to explore the effect of emulsifier and oil on the size of particles, PDI, zeta potential, viscosity of formulation, drug content, and drug association. Drug was mixed in oil (castor oil) to prepare an oily phase. The emulsifier (soybean lecithin) was dissolved in organic solvent (acetone: ethanol) and mixed with the oil phase. To prepare an aqueous phase, water was mixed with hydrophilic emulsifier (polysorbate 80). The oily phase was then added slowly with continuous stirring in an aqueous phase to obtain NE. The developed NEs were found to be more stable with a particle size of 150–212 nm, zeta potential of −35 mV, and low PDI of 0.25. The oil used had no effect on the dispersity of particles and zeta potential, whereas particle size was found to decrease in the NE prepared by using a mixture of castor oil and medium chain triglyceride (MCT) oil (1:1) (Kelmann et al., 2007).
Designing Smart Nanotherapeutics
Published in Suresh C. Pillai, Yvonne Lang, Toxicity of Nanomaterials, 2019
A. Joseph Nathanael, Tae Hwan Oh, Vignesh Kumaravel
Recently, nano-emulsion-filled alginate hydrogel was fabricated to study the digestion behaviour of hydrophobic nobiletin (3ʹ,4ʹ,5,6,7,8-hexamethoxyflavone) in the gastro intestinal tract (Lei et al. 2017). The nano-emulsion was synthesized by PIT method. Tween 80 and span 20 with a weight ratio of 3:1 were used as surfactants. Medium-chain triglyceride was used as an oil phase. The final formulation of nano-emulsion had 4 g of organic phase, 16 g of aqueous phase, and various amounts of nobiletin (0.0900 g, 0.1200 g, 0.1500 g). The particle size of the nano-emulsion was calculated as 205.3 ± 2.3 nm. Ca2+ cross-linked alginate hydrogel matrix was synthesized using the internal gelling method of calcium carbonate-d-glucono-δ-lactone (CaCO3-GDL) system. The encapsulation of the hydrogel matrix can be beneficial to attain the maximum dissolution and steady release of nobiletin drug from the nano-emulsion. The gelation between Ca2+ and alginate is induced by GDL. Molar ratios of CaCO3 and GDL were 0.5 and 0.135, respectively. The blank hydrogel is transparent in colour with a porous morphology. The nano-emulsion filled hydrogel is milky white in colour. SEM images revealed that the porous structure is completely filled by the nano-emulsion. In vitro experimental studies showed that the bioavailability of nobiletin in the nano-emulsion is higher (67.2 ± 0.4% at 4.5 mg/mL) than that available in the blank (44.7 ± 0.4% at 4.5 mg/mL).
Betel essential oil-loaded lipid-core nanocapsules as mosquito repellent spray formulations for fabric finishes
Published in The Journal of The Textile Institute, 2023
Azlan Kamari, Siti Najiah Mohd Yusoff, Siew Tin Susana Wong, Esther Phillip, Justin S. J. Hargreaves, Hidayatulfathi Othman
Recently, a number of strategies have been considered for improving the efficacy, longevity and durability of the repellence substances. Lipid-core core nanocapsules (LNC) are a new hybrid kind of nanoparticles which are composed of a core containing a dispersion of sorbitan monostearate in a medium chain triglyceride surrounded by a polymer wall and stabilised by polysorbate 80 micelles (Van Langenhove & Paul, 2014). The polymer nanocapsules have good colloidal stability and capable of encapsulating high amounts of lipophilic substances (Pereira et al., 2014; Van Langenhove & Paul, 2014). Furthermore, studies have shown that the nanometric structures containing polymer at the particle-water interface have a good adherence either on the skin or on mucosa (Fiel et al., 2013; Venturini et al., 2011). Hence, this adherence property may able to increase retention and durability of insect repellent on textiles.
Preparation of monodisperse water-in-oil emulsions using microchannel homogenization
Published in Particulate Science and Technology, 2022
Ran Li, Isao Kobayashi, Yanru Zhang, Marcos A. Neves, Kunihiko Uemura, Mitsutoshi Nakajima
Medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) oil (Sunsoft MCT-7) was obtained from Taiyo Kagaku Co., Ltd. (Yokkaichi, Japan). Soybean oil was purchased from Wako Pure Chemical Corporation (Osaka, Japan). These oils were used as the continuous-phase medium. Tetraglycerin monolaurate condensed ricinoleic acid ester (TGCR, Sy-Glyster CR-310) with a hydrophilic-lipophilic value of <1 was procured from Sakamoto Yakuhin Kogyo Co., Ltd. (Osaka, Japan) and was used as the hydrophobic emulsifier in the continuous phase. Milli-Q water was used as the dispersed-phase medium. Polyethylene glycol (PEG, molecular weight: 20,000), and sodium chloride (NaCl) were purchased from Wako Pure Chemical Corporation. PEG and NaCl were used to increase the viscosity and osmotic pressure of the dispersed phase, respectively (Kobayashi et al. 2009). 1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexamethyldisilazane (LS-7150) (Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) was used for the hydrophobic surface treatment of MC array chips.
Ultrasonic assisted oil-in-water emulsions stabilized by flaxseed protein isolate: influence of different oils
Published in Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 2022
Jiayi Shi, Junxia Xiao, Liang Liu, Xuyan Dong
The oil phase is one of the essential constituent of various emulsions. The type of oil that forms the dispersed phase plays an important role in the stabilized emulsion system. The effects of different oils on the physicochemical properties of emulsions stabilized by egg yolk granule,[18] soybean protein isolate,[19,20] and whey protein isolate[21] have been reported. However, the influence of the type of oil on the oil-in-water emulsion system stabilized by FPI has not yet been reported. Recently, it has been shown that ultrasound, which is an emerging and eco-friendly technology, could provide high-intensity energy that can change the tertiary structures, enhance the solubility, and reduce the particle sizes of emulsions.[3,4,19] However, there are few studies on the effect of oil type on the physicochemical properties of FPI-stabilized emulsions prepared by ultrasound emulsification. Thus, in this study, we investigated the physicochemical differences of FPI-stabilized emulsions using medium chain triglyceride (MCT), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) algae, flaxseed, and soybean oils under ultrasound emulsification conditions. The selected four oils were differ in the length of carbon chain and number of double bonds. This study could provide knowledge on the application of flaxseed protein stabilized emulsions treated by ultrasound in several industries such as food, pharmaceutical, cosmetics, paints, and agrochemical industries.