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Organic Oils and Fats
Published in John Mark, Roger Strange, Jim Burns, The Food Industries, 2020
John Mark, Roger Strange, Jim Burns
In addition to the above edible, or "soft", oils there are a number of other vegetable oils which are processed by industry Group 411. Palm oil, palm kernel oil and coconut oil — sometimes known as the "hard" oils — are used both for certain varieties of margarine and other foods; and for soap manufacture, synthetic detergents and certain other chemical preparations. The oil palm is mostly grown in Nigeria, the Congo, Malaysia and Indonesia. The oil palm fruit consists of an outer skin, an inner layer of fibrous pulp from which comes the palm oil, and a nut of which the inner kernel is rich in the more valuable palm kernel oil. The white flesh the meat — of the coconut may be eaten raw, processed into products such as dessicated coconut, or dried in the sun or in kilns. It is known as copra when dried, and it is in this state that it is exported to countries which extract and refine the oil. The main sources of supply are the Philippines, Malaysia and Sri Lanka. Finally we mention a third group of "industrial" oils, such as linseed, tung and castor oil. These oils are used in the manufacture of soaps, paints, lubricants, plastics and chemicals. Limited amounts of linseed are grown in the European Community; most of this is produced in France with some additional production in Belgium and the Netherlands.
Problems of Unsustainability
Published in Susan Krumdieck, Transition Engineering, 2019
Internal combustion vehicles fuelled with petroleum products work very well, unless there is a fuel shortage or unless the emissions accumulate and cause damage. The regulations that limit vehicle emissions caused changes in automobile engineering and reduced smog in cities, but they did not reduce automobile use. Biofuel mandates have been enacted by the US Congress and European countries. Thus far, manufacturing biofuels from food crops has required subsidies and has led to food shortages, while biodiesel from palm kernel oil has resulted in rainforest destruction. There have been a few restrictions on personal automobile use. Shanghai has a limited number of vehicle registrations, and there are congestion restrictions in Singapore and London. However, there have been no restrictions on personal use of fossil fuel in vehicles or in flying. Energy transition to manage fossil fuel risks involves innovations that restrict the amount of fossil fuel produced and consumed.
Engine Performance
Published in M.R. Riazi, David Chiaramonti, Biofuels Production and Processing Technology, 2017
Roberto Guimarães Pereira, Oscar Edwin Piamba Tulcan, Carlos Eduardo Fellows, M.R. Riazi, David Chiaramonti
The oil is extracted from both the pulp of the fruit (edible palm oil) and the kernel (palm kernel oil, used mainly for soap manufacture). Oil palm is the highest yielding oil crop, producing on average about 4–5 tons of oil/ha/year, about 10 times the yield of soybean oil (Sumathi et al., 2008).
Fine tuning of process parameters for improving briquette production from palm kernel shell gasification waste
Published in Environmental Technology, 2018
Alireza Bazargan, Sarah L. Rough, Gordon McKay
The palm fruit contains two different types of oil: palm oil, which comes from the flesh of the fruit (mesocarp); and palm kernel oil, which comes from the seed within the fruit known as the kernel or endocarp. In general, after the fresh fruit bunches are harvested, they must be milled for oil extraction [1,2].