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Biodegradability and Ecotoxicity Evaluation of Lubricants
Published in Brajendra K. Sharma, Girma Biresaw, Environmentally Friendly and Biobased Lubricants, 2016
Jagadeesh K. Mannekote, Satish V. Kailas
The earth has limited resources and using these with utmost care is very important. Finding substitutes for limited resources and conserving the environment has led to reliance on biomass sources. Thus, applying a sustainability concept to lubricants makes a lot of sense. Petroleum is a finite resource formed over millions of years, but is being consumed at an alarming rate ever since it has been discovered. The available deposits are fast depleting and access is also highly dependent on complex geopolitical issues, creating price fluctuations. In contrast, oleochemicals are derived from renewable sources by conversion of carbon dioxide via photosynthesis in plants. Further, as mentioned earlier, petroleum derivatives are not biodegradable and will lead to pollution. In addition, the carbon cycle of petrochemical use is not closed but open, leading to an increase in CO2 level in the atmosphere contributing to global warming. Whereas for vegetable oils, the liberated CO2 is equal to that of the originally taken up by the plants for photosynthesis and the cycle is closed [34–36].
Industrial Oleochemicals from Used Cooking Oils (UCOs)
Published in Subhas K. Sikdar, Frank Princiotta, Advances in Carbon Management Technologies, 2021
Typically, most oleochemical processes at the industrial scale (> 90%) are performed by reacting the carboxylic groups of fats and oils. Comparatively, less than 10% of the industrial transformations are done on the alkyl chains or on the unsaturations (Hill, 2000). In either case, if chemically transformed, UCOs could be converted into a large variety of derivatives of commercial interest, entering into the global oleochemical market currently valued at $21.76 billion (AMERI, 2018). Within this market, there are largely consumed and low value-added commodities (e.g., biofuels, fatty acids, alcohol, esters), as well as niche and high value-added fine and specialty chemicals (e.g., surfactants, polyols, drying oils, plasticizers, lubricants, etc.). As a way to identify potential derivatives of commercial interest, Table 4 summarizes the added market value of some basic and functional oleochemicals with respect to the current value of UCOs (i.e., 620 USD/ton; Greenea, 2019a). Added value was calculated as follows: VA=mDer.×fDer.UCO×$Der.mUCO×$UCO
Producing biofuels with torrefaction
Published in Chris Saffron, Achieving carbon negative bioenergy systems from plant materials, 2020
The importance of J. curcas as a non-edible source of biodiesel was highlighted by Shah and Gupta (2007). The seed kernels of J. curcas L. contain 40-60% (w/w) oil (Foidl et al., 1996), which indicates that it is a good raw material for biodiesel production (Makkar et al., 1997). The oil of J. curcas has been rendered unsafe for cooking purposes due to the presence of toxic curcin, phorbol esters, and some anti-nutritional factors. This toxicity makes the oil attractive as a non-edible vegetable oil feedstock. The oil can be mainly used in oleochemical industries such as production of biodiesel, soap, surfactants, and detergents. The fatty
Identification of Glyceryl MonoRicinoleate (GMR) isomers using RP-HPLC and regio-specificity of lipases
Published in Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology, 2020
Rajeshkumar Natwarlal Vadgama, Annamma Anil, Arvind Lali
Hydroxy fatty acids and its derivatives play a significant role in the cosmeceutical, pharmaceuticals, and chemical industries. Castor oil, a triglyceride of ricinoleic acid (RA), is the only renewable vegetable oil resource that contains hydroxyl functional group in a high percentage of one fatty acid, i.e., RA (∼90%). This fatty acid finds applications in coatings, textile finishing, inks, soaps, making chemical intermediates for the synthesis of various oleochemicals, estolide synthesis, etc.[1] On the other hand, Glyceryl MonoRicinoleate (GMR) has been used as a potential chemical intermediate in the synthesis of regio-specific hydroxy ABA-type structured lipids.[2] Two types of regio-isomers [Sn-2 and Sn-1(3)] can be found depending on the position of the acyl chain on the acylglycerol backbone. Sn-1(3) isomers have acyl chain linked to carbon 1 or 3 of Sn-glycerol, while Sn-2 isomers have the acyl chain in the Sn-2 position.[3] The location of fatty acid on the glycerol backbone plays a crucial role as the physical properties of the final product varies with the specific location of fatty acids. Hence, the accurate and reliable analysis of regio-specific substrate for the synthesis of structured lipid is in current demand. Additionally, there is no commercial standard available for analysis, particularly Sn-2 GMR, because it undergoes spontaneous acyl migration to form sn-1(3) GMR. Thus, analysis and identification of each isomer become essential not only for reaction kinetic perspective but also for their industrial applications.
Catalytic valorization of raw glycerol derived from biodiesel: a review
Published in Biofuels, 2018
Sravanthi Veluturla, Narula Archna, D. Subba Rao, N. Hezil, I.S. Indraja, S. Spoorthi
Glycerol as a byproduct is extensively produced while manufacturing biodiesel and bioethanol. It can also be obtained from saponification processes in oleochemical industries. There are wide applications of glycerol in food, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, tobacco, polymer and other industries. The bioglycerol stream contains a mixture of glycerol, methanol, water, inorganic salts (catalyst residues), free fatty acids, unreacted mono-, di- and triglycerides, methyl esters and a variety of other ‘matter organic non-glycerol’ (MONG) in varying amounts [4].
The capacity of major countries in Southeast Asia in meeting biodiesel mandates and pursue higher blends based on available major feedstocks
Published in Biofuels, 2022
Alchris Woo Go, Ramelito C. Agapay, Yi-Hsu Ju, Angelique T. Conag, Arjay S. Toledo, Artik Elisa Angkawijaya, Phuong Lan Tran Nguyen
Apart from the use of oils from oilseeds in food applications, these are also used in various industries to produce oleochemical products including renewable diesel. Of countries part of the ASEAN currently producing RD, only Indonesia and Malaysia have the surplus supply of oils to support BD production with an overall maximum of 0.78 and 0.24, respectively. Moreover, with the rapid increase in the production of oils from palm fruit in Indonesia, the has decreased from 0.58 in 1990 to as low as 0.14 in 2018, which would result in the lowering of the overall for Indonesia to 0.34. These would then translate to 66% and 76% of the supply available for export or consumed to produce RDs for Indonesia and Malaysia, respectively. Likewise, Thailand’s overall has in recent years increased to 0.83, allowing them to have ∼17% of the total oils produced domestically as surplus. The overall accounts the fact that the surplus oils from locally produced resources would have to cover for other oils that are currently being imported by a given country. Thus, with the Philippines’ increased consumption of palm oil in the food sector from 30 kt in 1990 to 1080 kt in 2018, the overall would be as high as 1.2, which would mean that the amount of surplus coconut oil currently being exported (1000 kt) would not be able to cover for the imported palm oil. Nevertheless, if the trade of these oils is limited within member countries of the ASEAN, while having an overall of 0.50, at least 50% of what is annually produced could be tapped as a resource for RD production but may have to cut down exports of these oils to countries not part of the ASEAN and limit its use for RD production.