Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Carboxylic Acids, Carboxylic Acid Derivatives, and Acyl Substitution Reactions
Published in Michael B. Smith, A Q&A Approach to Organic Chemistry, 2020
Saponification is a chemical reaction sequence that generates glycerol and a fatty acid salt, called a “soap,” by the reaction of triglycerides, sodium, or potassium hydroxide (lye). Saponification is also used for the alkaline hydrolysis of the fatty acid esters. What is a lipid?
Organic Chemistry Nomenclature
Published in Arthur W. Hounslow, Water Quality Data, 2018
Saponification is the hydrolysis of fats with a strong base, giving a Na salt of fatty acids (soap) + glycerol. Soaps have a polar head (Na acid) that remains in water and a nonpolar chain that dissolves in grease. Hard water forms insoluble Ca and Mg salts with soap. Detergents will not form insoluble products with Ca and Mg and are prepared by treating fatty acids with sulfuric acid and alkyl halides, giving alkyl sulfonates.
Pretreatment Limits for Fats, Oil and GreasE
Published in John M. Bell, Proceedings of the 43rd Industrial Waste Conference May 10, 11, 12, 1988, 1989
Peter V. Cavagnaro, Kenneth E. Kaszubowski
When alkali is mixed with food oil and fats the glycerol is liberated. The fatty acids and alkali react to form salts of fatty acids termed soaps, by a process known as saponification. Common soaps are formed by the saponification of fats with sodium hydroxide, and are soluble in water. In the presence of hardness, the sodium salts are converted to calcium and magnesium salts, which are insoluble and precipitate. The implication is significant for industries that use caustic cleaners for cleaning process equipment. As the rinse waters mix with fats and oils the free floating material will become emulsified. The subsequent saponification and precipitation could account for high effluent solids concentrations even after pretreatment. This is justification for pH neutralization as soon in the treatment process as is practical.
Comparative study of different biodiesel–diesel blends
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2019
In these reactions, triglycerides are converted stepwise to diglycerides, monoglyceride and finally glycerol which sinks to the bottom and the biodiesel fuel remains on the upper layer. Methanol that is used is hardly soluble in oil and hence a catalyst is needed for the reaction to commence. The transesterification reaction can be catalysed by alkalis, acids and enzymes (Sarin 2012). The presence of free fatty acids (FFA) and water will produce negative effects during the transesterification reaction. If alkali catalyst is used for the reaction, the catalyst will react with the FFA to form soap and reduce its effectiveness in converting the triglycerides, thus lowering the yield from the feedstock. The catalyst, say NaOH, reacts with the FFA forming soap and water, which is called saponification (Leung, Wu, and Leung 2010). The water originated from the saponification reaction reacts with triglycerides and converts them to diglycerides, forming more FFA as a by-product. Thus, alkali catalyst cannot be used with feedstock of higher FFA content, else the transesterification reaction would be retarded, lowering the yield too (Leung, Wu, and Leung 2010). However, catalytic transesterification is associated with problems such as the necessity to separate saponified impurities, residual alcohol and catalyst. Non-catalytic method such as supercritical methanol method completes in very less time (2–4 min) but it is too costly, though there is no need to separate any catalyst, as no catalyst is used. Methanol consumed in this process is also too high.
Influence of fuel components, injection parameters and nano blends on CRDI engine characteristics fuelled with palm and jatropha methyl esters
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2023
R. V. S. Madhuri, A. Swarna Kumari
It represents the number of milligrams of potassium hydroxide (KOH) to saponify one gram of oil (or biodiesel) under the conditions specified. The saponification numbers of RJO and RPO are shown in Table 1. The medium chain fatty acids (C12 and C14) found in Palm oils have a high saponification number because they have a relatively more number of carboxylic functional groups per unit mass of the oil as compared to long chain fatty acids (C16; C18; C20). SN of the biodiesel fuels is estimated based on Equation (4) (Knothe et al. 2009, Wang et al. 2012) and shown in Table 5.