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Published in Guillaume Madelin, X-Nuclei Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 2022
Potassium compounds are used in many products: potassium hydroxide (KOH) is used in soaps, detergents, and drain cleaners; potassium carbonate (KHCO3) is used to make glass and soaps and is obtained commercially as a byproduct of the production of ammonia; sodium potassium (NaK) is used as a heat transfer medium in some types of nuclear reactors; potassium superoxide (KO2), which can create oxygen from water vapor H2O and carbon dioxide CO2, is used in respiratory equipment; and potassium nitrate (KNO3), also known as saltpeter or niter, is used in fertilizers, match heads, pyrotechnics, and explosives. As heavy crop production rapidly depletes the soil of potassium, potassium fertilizers containing potassium chloride (KCl) are intensively used in agriculture and account for about 95% of global potassium chemical production.
The Chemistry of Hazardous Materials
Published in Armen S. Casparian, Gergely Sirokman, Ann O. Omollo, Rapid Review of Chemistry for the Life Sciences and Engineering, 2021
Armen S. Casparian, Gergely Sirokman, Ann O. Omollo
Potassium Hydroxide, KOH, is principally used in the chemical industry in the production of soft soaps, fertilizers, pharmaceutical products. It is also used as an electrolyte in alkaline batteries.
Sustainable Production of Biofuels—A Green Spark: Technology, Economics, and Environmental Issues
Published in V. Sivasubramanian, Bioprocess Engineering for a Green Environment, 2018
Rajarathinam Ravikumar, Muthuvelu Kirupa Sankar, Manickam Nareshkumar, Moorthy Ranjithkumar
During the esterification process, the triglyceride is reacted with alcohol in the presence of a catalyst, usually a strong alkaline such as sodium hydroxide. The alcohol reacts with the fatty acids to form the monoalkyl ester, or biodiesel, and crude glycerol. In most production processes, methanol or ethanol is the alcohol used (methanol produces methyl esters, and ethanol produces ethyl esters) and is base-catalyzed by either potassium or sodium hydroxide. Potassium hydroxide has been found to be more suitable for ethyl ester biodiesel production, but either base can be used for methyl ester production.
The influence of biodiesel with high saturated fatty acids on the performance of a CI engine fuelled by diesel and biodiesel blend fuels at low loads
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2022
Reza Bahari, Rouzbeh Shafaghat, Omid Jahanian, Ashkan Ghaedi
In this study, after collecting WCO, initially, to remove the food and particles that existed in the oil, 500-micron filters were employed for refining the oil. Then the oil temperature was increased to 61°C and it was held at this temperature for 15 min. After 24 h, the accumulated water was separated by a drain valve. This operation was performed by the BioPro 190 device, the technical specifications of which are presented in Table 1. To produce the biodiesel, the transesterification method was employed with the potassium hydroxide (KOH) alkaline catalyst (1% of waste oil mass) Figure 1. For producing biodiesel using this method, at first, the waste oil was prepared. Then oil and methanol (with a molar ratio of 6:1) were mixed and to accelerate the reaction speed of oil and methanol, KOH catalyst was added to the mixture. As the result of this reaction, glycerin was separated from the ester, and the remaining ester as the biodiesel was purified by rinsing with water.
Evaluation on the consequence of cerium oxide nanoparticle additive in biomass derived fuel blended with diesel for CI engine operation
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2020
N. Anbazhaghan, A. Karthikeyan, J. Jayaprabakar, A. Prabhu
Alkaline transesterification process is a process that one mole of triglyceride reacts with three moles of alcohol to form one mole of glycerol and three moles of the respective fatty acid alkyl esters. The alkaline catalyst used in this process is potassium hydroxide (KOH). By using KOH as a catalyst the tendency for soap formation decreases and it also reduces the number of methyl esters dissolved in the glycerol phase after reaction and thus reduces ester loses. The required amount of KOH was dissolved into the required methanol amount. The KOH methanol mixture was added to the product obtained from the acid esterification step. The reaction was performed at 60degrees centigrade. After the reaction resting the mixture for more than four hours, there will be two layers of the products. The upper layer is the alkyl ester and the lower layer is the glycerol.
Energy storehouse and a remarkable photocatalyst: Al2S3/Cu2S/Ni17S18 thin film as supercapacitor electrode and pollutants degradation
Published in Surface Engineering, 2023
Mahwash Mahar Gul, Khuram Shahzad Ahmad
Salts of metals, Al(NO3)3.H2O, Cu(NO3)2.2 ½ H2O and N2NiO6.6H2O were used (99% purity). Various reagents were used in the experimentation such as carbon disulphide, ethanol, potassium hydroxide (base), diethyl amine (analytical grade) procured from Sigma Aldrich. In metal sulphide synthesis, carbon disulphide is often used in the precipitation method, where a metal salt is dissolved in CS2 and then reacted with a sulphur source to form a metal sulphide precipitate. Potassium hydroxide (KOH) is commonly used in metal sulphide synthesis as a base or a source of hydroxide ions, which can react with metal cations to form metal hydroxides. These metal hydroxides can then react with sulphur sources to produce metal sulphides. Additionally, KOH can also act as a stabiliser, preventing the agglomeration of metal sulphide nanoparticles. Diethylamine is a commonly used organic base in metal sulphide synthesis because it can act as a strong reducing agent and a source of sulphur. Its amine group (NH2) can readily donate a lone pair of electrons to metal ions, leading to the reduction of the metal cations and the formation of metal nanoparticles. It also acts as a capping agent, stabilizing the formed metal sulphide nanoparticles by preventing agglomeration and controlling their growth. This can result in metal sulphides with improved properties such as higher catalytic activity and better stability. During the experiments distilled water was also utilised. Several significant instruments were required in this research work, which included digital weighing balance (Shimadzu, Japan), magnetic stirring plate (Wisestir, Germany), fume-hood (Puffinville, France). Instruments for characterisation included UV-vis spectrophotometer (Biomedical service, 1602, Spain), Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer (Shimadzu, Japan), scanning electron microscope (JSM-6610, Jeol, Japan) and X-ray diffractometer (Bruker D-8, Shimadzu, Japan). Potentiostat (Gamry, USA) was also used for the electrochemical investigation.