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The Informal History of HFE
Published in David Meister, The History of Human Factors and Ergonomics, 2018
As can be seen, one prediction is for an expansion of the profession into new venues (e.g., architecture, horticulture, medicine, etc.) and, as a corresponding phenomenon, a trend we see already—the increasing fractionation of the profession into specialties. Fractionation can be of two types. The first is the voluntary breakout of specialties on the basis of the individual interest of HFE professionals: That is what is occurring now. The second form of fractionation is when HFE methods, data, and so on are absorbed by other disciplines so that the need for a distinctive HFE profession no longer exists. There are both positive and negative aspects in this absorption.
Principal Field Processing Operations and Field Facilities
Published in Hussein K. Abdel-Aal, Economic Analysis of Oil and Gas Engineering Operations, 2021
Fractionation in gas plants has many common goals. As presented earlier in Figure 15.1, it is aimed at producing on-specification products and making sources available for different hydrocarbons. Fractionation is basically a distillation process leading to fractions or cuts of hydrocarbons. Examples of cuts or fractions are C3/C4, known as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), and C5, known as natural gasoline.
Dissolved Matter
Published in Paul N. Cheremisinoff, Handbook of Water and Wastewater Treatment Technology, 2019
By employing fractionating columns, devices in which the vapors are condensed and redistilled, separation of a mixture of two or more volatile components may be realized by one continuous distillation. Fractionating columns are employed in the separation of crude oil into products such as benzene, gasoline, and kerosene, and in the distillation of liquors and commercial alcohol.
Colloidal lead in drinking water: Formation, occurrence, and characterization
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2023
Javier A. Locsin, Kalli M. Hood, Evelyne Doré, Benjamin F. Trueman, Graham A. Gagnon
In environmental samples, colloids are mixed with larger particles, therefore the sample may need to be size fractionated. Common fractionation methods include membrane filtration, size exclusion chromatography (SEC), hydrodynamic chromatography (HDC), field flow fractionation (FFF), and ultracentrifugation (UC). Membranes are used to physically separate particles that are passing through a medium with fixed pore size to provide discrete size fractions (de Mora & Harrison, 1983). With membrane filtration, particles can be separated via micro (0.05–10 μm), ultra (0.001–0.05 μm), and nano filtration (0.0005–0.001 μm) (Singh & Hankins, 2016). However, size separation by filtration is prone to measurement variability: filter material, imperfections in filter construction, filtration technique, degree of particle agglomeration, adsorption onto the membrane, filter clogging, and water quality can impact analyte recovery, particle size distributions, and reproducibility (de Mora & Harrison, 1983; Doré et al., 2021; Lytle et al., 2020).
Effects of crude oil on the performances of hard asphalt and its mixtures
Published in International Journal of Pavement Engineering, 2022
Guilian Zou, Rong Zhuo, Xuekai Sun, Jun Luo
The distillation method is a process of fractionating substances with different boiling point ranges. After crude oil is vaporised, condensed, and rectified through a distillation column, products with different boiling point ranges are separated, leaving only the high-boiling point concentrate in crude oil. Asphalt produced by this process is called straight-run asphalt. The distillation process is presently the most commonly used process in road asphalt production. This process was used herein to produce the Pen40/60 asphalts. Compared to the asphalt produced by the oxidation process, solvent process, and other processes, the straight-run asphalt obtained by distillation exhibited advantages of high ductility, good cracking resistance at low temperatures, good adhesion, low cost, and stable quality. Figure 1 shows a schematic diagram of the distillation process. The vacuum residue can be asphalt or other products, which can also be further processed to obtain asphalt. The production processes of several types of asphalt are not completely applied independently; rather, two or more processes are frequently used in combination. The harder the asphalt, the more difficult it is to be produced using the distillation process alone. The Pen40/60 asphalts used herein were directly obtained by vacuum distillation, whereas the Pen20/40 asphalts were produced by the oxidation process on the basis of the distillation process. The oxidation process can reduce the temperature sensitivity of asphalt, making it possible to produce high-temperature stable asphalts.
Concentrated Nonequilibrium HD for the Cross Calibration of Hydrogen Isotopologue Analytics
Published in Fusion Science and Technology, 2020
Sebastian Mirz, Tim Brunst, Robin Größle, Bennet Krasch
The process of distillation depends on the difference in vapor pressure of different substances at a given temperature. A single distillation step does not provide highly concentrated substances in the distillate. To achieve this, either single distillation steps are combined in a sequential distillation, or the distillation is implemented in a fractionating column. The working principle of the fractionating column of the TRENTA facility, which is optimized to separate the inactive hydrogen isotopologues H2, HD, and D2, is discussed in the following. This column is schematically shown in Fig. 2. The descriptions in this section are based on Mirz’s dissertation.13