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Reproductive system
Published in A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha, Clark’s Procedures in Diagnostic Imaging: A System-Based Approach, 2020
A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha
Scans are often performed in the 3rd trimester to assess fetal growth and well-being, particularly if the uterine fundus measures ‘small for dates’ on palpation, if there is a past history of pregnancy problems or if the pregnancy is complicated by maternal conditions such as hypertension, diabetes, sickle cell disease or maternal obesity. All multiple pregnancies have routine 3rd trimester growth scans. Continuing pregnancies in which a fetal abnormality has been detected, are often assessed in the 3rd trimester. Assessment of the pregnancy may also be carried out if the placenta is covering the internal os (birth canal) at the 2nd trimester anomaly scan; if there is uncertainty about the fetal lie near to term, or for reassurance following injury or bleeding.
Northern Ireland
Published in Braithwaite Jeffrey, Mannion Russell, Matsuyama Yukihiro, Shekelle Paul, Whittaker Stuart, Al-Adawi Samir, Health Systems Improvement Across the Globe: Success Stories from 60 Countries, 2017
Levette Lamb, Denise Boulter, Ann Hamilton, Gavin G. Lavery
The early detection of severe illness in pregnant women has been, and remains, a challenge to all clinicians, due to the low frequency of such events and the fact that they can be masked by the normal changes in physiology associated with pregnancy and childbirth. However, increasing clinical complexity due to rising rates of maternal obesity, diabetes, and later pregnancies means such events can be expected to occur more frequently, and with (potentially) more damaging outcomes.
Modern dietary guidelines for healthy pregnancy; maximising maternal and foetal outcomes and limiting excessive gestational weight gain
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2019
Kirsty Jayne Elliott-Sale, Ashley Graham, Stephanie Jane Hanley, Sherry Blumenthal, Craig Sale
The physiological demands of pregnancy are associated with changes in dietary energy intake (DEI) and macro- and micronutrient composition (Forsum & Löf, 2007). The guidance on gestational weight gain, and thus DEI, changed noticeably in 2002 (Institute of Medicine, 2002) and was further modified in 2004 (Butte, Wong, Treuth, Ellis, & O’Brian Smith, 2004) to reflect pre-pregnancy BMI. Macronutrient intake is often complicated by contraindicated foods (Martin et al., 2016), which have been shown to vary between countries and over time. Often women are requested to supplement essential vitamins and minerals, which may otherwise be inadequate during pregnancy compared with prenatal intake (Haider & Bhutta, 2017). Alterations in diet, especially total energy, must be conveyed in an effective and timely fashion in order to maximise maternal and foetal outcomes. This is especially true for pre-gravid obese women or women with excessive gestational weight gain, as maternal obesity is associated with a myriad of adverse effects, such as gestational diabetes, preeclampsia and preterm delivery (Dutton, Borengasser, Gaudet, Barbour, & Keely, 2018). Therefore, the aim of this review was to (1) present the energy requirements and nutritional needs of pregnancy in relation to maternal and foetal outcomes and (2) to discuss dietary interventions for gestational weight management.
Association between residential proximity to municipal solid waste incinerator sites and birth outcomes in Shanghai: a retrospective cohort study of births during 2014–2018
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2022
Yanhui Hao, Weibin Wu, William D. Fraser, Hefeng Huang
Growing evidence suggests that maternal obesity has been associated with an increased risk of adverse birth outcomes (Leung et al. 2008; Barker et al. 2010; Blomberg 2013). Prior studies have shown that overweight/obese subpopulations may be highly sensitive to environmental contaminants (e.g. air pollutants (Mao et al. 2017), heavy metals (King et al. 2015), and endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) (Dirinck et al. 2011)). From this perspective, studying the individual and combined effects of maternal body weight and residential proximity to MSWI sites could further identify vulnerable populations of environmental exposure and allocate efficient interventions to reduce the risk of adverse birth outcomes in offspring.
Behavior Change Apps for Gestational Diabetes Management: Exploring Desirable Features
Published in International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction, 2021
Mikko Kytö, Lisbeth Strömberg, Heli Tuomonen, Antti Ruonala, Saila Koivusalo, Giulio Jacucci
Approximately 16% of pregnant women globally are diagnosed with gestational diabetes (GDM) (Guariguata et al., 2014). The prevalence of GDM has been increasing primarily due to maternal obesity and a sedentary lifestyle. GDM and maternal obesity are associated with a range of adverse short- and long-term consequences for both mother and child (Owens et al., 2010; Persson et al., 2014). Although GDM is a temporary condition that lasts until the birth of the child, GDM increases the later risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D) for the mother (Bellamy et al., 2009). If GDM is left untreated, the costs of intergenerational obesity and diabetes are substantial.