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A Detailed Study on AI-Based Diagnosis of Novel Coronavirus from Radiograph Images
Published in Chhabi Rani Panigrahi, Bibudhendu Pati, Mamata Rath, Rajkumar Buyya, Computational Modeling and Data Analysis in COVID-19 Research, 2021
Malaya Kumar Nath, Aniruddha Kanhe
Paving is visualized at the later stage of infection and has an identical pattern to paving stones. It appears due to the superimposition of thickened lobular interval, interlobular line, and GGO. Vascular thickening can be visualized at all stages of the infection. Fibrous lesions appear hyperplasia of the lung and replace the normal cellular components to form scars. Density of lesions decreases from the center to the edges and creates a circle of cloud in GGO called a halo. It has non-uniform thickness. Figure 11.2 shows the various image features seen in CT scans for a COVID-19 patient at different stages. Arrows mark the features. During disease progression, pleural effusion, lymphadenopathy, cavitation, CT halo sign, and pneumothorax are visible in CT images.
Respiratory Pathophysiology
Published in Hyun Jung Kim, Biomimetic Microengineering, 2020
Brian F. Niemeyer, Alexander J. Kaiser, Kambez H. Benam
Alternative animal models such as ferret and guinea pig often exhibit respiratory pathophysiological responses more representative of humans and in certain instances more faithfully replicate the human diseases. For instance, many of the hallmarks of M. tuberculosis infection cannot be recreated within the mouse, although guinea pigs infected with tuberculosis exhibit many responses seen in the human forms of the disease such as lung necrosis, lymphadenopathy, and disease dissemination (Williams and Orme 2016). Ferrets closely mimic human influenza infections, as they are readily susceptible to infection without modifications or adaptations; symptoms found in ferrets include fever, nasal discharge, lethargy, weakness, anorexia, and sneezing (Thangavel and Bouvier 2014). Guinea pigs can also be readily infected with non-adapted human influenza strains; however, guinea pigs often present less severe symptoms which makes studying the efficacy of vaccines difficult (Thangavel and Bouvier 2014). Unfortunately, many of these non-rodent animal models lack readily available immunological reagents, have incomplete genome sequencing, lack transgenic models, and can cause logistical housing issues making widespread use in research unrealistic (Sacco, Durbin, and Durbin 2015, Thangavel and Bouvier 2014).
Breast imaging
Published in A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha, Clark’s Procedures in Diagnostic Imaging: A System-Based Approach, 2020
A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha
Axillary pain in the absence of a palpable abnormality rarely has a serious cause, and imaging is usually not necessary. It may be used for reassurance to exclude occult axillary lymphadenopathy and breast cancer. Patients presenting with an axillary swelling may be anxious about breast cancer and even if negative, clinical examination may be supplemented with breast imaging to exclude that possibility. Ultrasound is particularly useful in determining whether the swelling is lymphadenopathy, and for performing biopsy if abnormal lymph nodes are found – lymphadenopathy may be due to breast cancer, reactive nodes in benign breast disease or due to involvement by a systemic disease such as lymphoma. Lipoma is a common cause of axillary swelling and may be clinically obvious, but ultrasound will be used to exclude lymphadenopathy and to guide biopsy if appropriate.
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis in a slaughterhouse worker: A case report
Published in Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health, 2022
Elena Vasileiou, Paschalis Ntolios, Paschalis Steiropoulos, Theodoros Constantinidis, Evangelia Nena
A 60-year old, white/Caucasian, male presented to the Respiratory Outpatient Unit of our Institution, with progressively worsening dyspnea and nonproductive cough over the preceding 6 months. On presentation, the patient was alert, oriented and tempo-spatially collaborative. He was hydrated and afebrile, with a respiratory rate of 20 breaths per minute, blood pressure 135/75 mmHg and hemoglobin oxygen saturation (SaO2) 95% while breathing room air. Pulmonary auscultation revealed bilateral, fine “Velcro” crackles while the cardiac auscultation and abdominal examination were normal. He had no palpable lymphadenopathy or peripheral edema, and rest of physical examination was normal. His medical history included only a number of episodes of flu-like symptoms that subsided without specific treatment in the past. A detailed occupational history was obtained, where he mentioned that he has been working in a sheep/goat slaughterhouse for the last 25 years. He did not have a pet and he did not report any hobbies or contact with animals in his free time, although he lived in a rural setting with his elderly mother. He was nonsmoker but reported a moderate consumption of alcohol.
Diagnostic yield and safety of the ProCore versus the standard EBUS-TBNA needle in subjects with suspected sarcoidosis
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2021
Sahajal Dhooria, Inderpaul Singh Sehgal, Kuruswamy Thurai Prasad, Valliappan Muthu, Nalini Gupta, Amanjit Bal, Babu Ram, Ashutosh Nath Aggarwal, Ritesh Agarwal
We diagnosed sarcoidosis in 84 subjects (42 in each group). Other diagnoses made on EBUS-TBNA included tuberculosis (n = 9), metastatic prostate cancer (n = 1), lymphoma (n = 1), and reactive lymphadenopathy (n = 5). There was no statistically significant difference (p = 0.18) in the diagnostic yield of EBUS-TBNA between the two groups (ProCore [36/42, 85.7%] vs. standard needle [31/42, 73.8%]). Of the 84 subjects with sarcoidosis, granulomas were demonstrated by EBUS-TBNA in 67 (79.8%). Of the remaining 17 of the 84 subjects (Figure 2), 14 had non-necrotic granulomas demonstrated in EBB or TBLB. The remaining three were diagnosed on clinicoradiological presentation and the course during follow up. In eight subjects in the ProCore group, we encountered solid tissues in the cell block specimen. On histological analysis, three of them showed granulomas; two were fragments of cartilage, while the remaining three revealed only some lymphoid tissue. We obtained an adequate aspirate in 40 (95.2%) and 38 (90.5%) subjects in the ProCore and standard needle groups, respectively (p = 0.68; Table 2). In an exploratory post hoc analysis, in the entire enrolled study population comprising all the 100 subjects, the diagnostic sensitivity was similar in the ProCore and standard needle groups (80.0% and 72.0%, respectively; p = 0.35). The adequacy of specimen was also similar (ProCore: 92.0%, standard needle: 90.0%; p = 1.00).