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Designing for Upper Torso and Arm Anatomy
Published in Karen L. LaBat, Karen S. Ryan, Human Body, 2019
Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in American women (Siegel, Miller, & Jemal, 2016). Treatment often includes surgery to remove part or all of the affected breast. Breast cancer surgery ranges from lumpectomy—removing a mass of tissue including the tumor and a margin around the tumor, to mastectomy—removing the breast and a variable amount of adjacent tissue. Some women at high risk of developing breast cancer due to genetic status elect to have both breasts removed as a preventive measure. Lymph nodes may also be removed from the axilla. After recovery from surgery, breast cancer treatment may include radiation therapy and/or chemotherapy. Some women elect breast reconstruction surgery after mastectomy.
Fourier Transform and Autoregressive HRV Features in Prediction and Classification of Breast Cancer
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2023
Reema Shyamsunder Shukla, Yogender Aggarwal
A total of 129 BC subjects and age-matched 13 healthy controls have participated in the present study. Subjects with diabetes, cardiac illness history, fibroadenosis, hypertension, mental illness and infectious diseases have been excluded. Thus 114 subjects have finally evaluated including 12 subjects in ECOG0, 8 in ECOG1, 24 in ECOG2, 32 in ECOG3 and 38 in ECOG4. The demograph has been given in Table 1. Six subjects had family history of cancer. In surgery group, 15 subjects were of simple mastectomy, 31 of modified radical mastectomy (MRM) and 4 of lumpectomy. Different histopathological types are infiltrating ductal carcinoma, invasive lobular carcinoma and Paget’s disease of nipple. The cancer has metastatised to lung, bone or liver which has been found in 7 subjects with 90–97% oxygen saturation. Different chemotherapeutic agents have been used including doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, 5-flurouracil, paclitaxel, docetaxel and epirubicin.
Current status of biopsy markers for the breast in clinical settings
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2022
Elian A. Martin, Neeraj Chauhan, Vijian Dhevan, Elias George, Partha Laskar, Meena Jaggi, Subhash C. Chauhan, Murali M. Yallapu
The major disadvantage of breast tissue marker is that it migrates away from the biopsy placement upon implementation. To minimize such clinical drawbacks, dedicated research efforts have put forward the development of alternative medical products. SAVI SCOUT® radar localization technology that is comprised of a reflector the size of a grain of rice. The salient feature of such implants include that they are not externally visible and do not affect patients’ movements. This reflector is safe and passive until activated. The prime advantage of SAVI SCOUT is seen during breast conserving surgery (partial mastectomy/lumpectomy) because it requires a smaller incision and is less painful, more precise, and allows for speedier recovery [87]. Alike SAVI SCOUT® but smaller in size can benefit further as breast biopsy markers. Another well-known localization marker is Magseed® which is a magnetic seed localization designed to simplify breast cancer surgery. Such markers can be easily probed by Sentimag, which works like a GPS to guide the exact location and direction of the tumors. It is often placed by radiologists well before surgery [88]. However, it is important to point out that magnetic/RFID-based wire localization marker seeds would be high in cost relative to traditional methods reported in this article.
Melt-based, solvent-free additive manufacturing of biodegradable polymeric scaffolds with designer microstructures for tailored mechanical/biological properties and clinical applications
Published in Virtual and Physical Prototyping, 2020
Zijie Meng, Jiankang He, Jiaxin Li, Yanwen Su, Dichen Li
Breast cancer is the most prevalent malignancy among females and the leading cause of cancer death (Bray et al. 2018; DeSantis et al. 2019). The melt-based AM-fabricated customised biopolymeric scaffolds have developed as one of the promising alternatives to realise breast tissue reconstruction for the patients undergo radical mastectomy or lumpectomy for breast cancer. Chhaya et al. (2015) FFF-fabricated patient-specific porous PDLLA scaffolds with a Young’s modulus of 3 MPa, which was significantly high as compared to that of native breast tissues (tens of kPa). To achieve well-vascularized adipose tissues, the fabricated porous scaffolds were first seeded with human umbilical cord perivascular cells and cultured in vitro for 6 weeks. The scaffolds were then seeded human umbilical vein endothelial cells and implanted in vivo for 24 weeks, and the percentage of adipose tissue compared to overall tissue area increased from 37.17% to 62.30% and to 81.2% at week 5, 15 and 24 respectively. In addition, the printed scaffolds with the pore size range in 1–2 mm were found to effectively support vascular ingrowth. A later study from the same group combined fat injection and FFF to fabricate patient-specific PCL scaffolds with the elastic modulus of 21.5 ± 2.2 Mpa, which showed improved angiogenesis and adipose tissue repair (Chhaya et al. 2016).