China 
Africa 
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Tissue Engineering and Application in Tropical Medicine
Published in Rajesh K. Kesharwani, Raj K. Keservani, Anil K. Sharma, Tissue Engineering, 2022
Cholangiocarcinoma is an important cancer of the biliary tract. This infection is related to an important tropical trematode infection, opisthorchiasis. The highest incidence of this infection is seen in Indochina, where the liver fluke is highly incidence. The high incidence of liver fluke infestation in Indochina is believed to due to the rooted behavior of ingestion of raw fish. The chronic liver fluke infection can result in cholangiocarcinogenesis. In endemic countries, the patient usually presents with advanced disease and the treatment is usually hopeless (Wiwanitkit, 2003). The surgery is usually not successful in getting rid of tumor mass and the chemotherapy is usually not effective. Similar to other cancers, tissue engineering and regenerative therapy are a hope for management of cholangiocarcinoma at present (Hibi et al., 2014).
Environmental Considerations
Published in Hillary S. Egna, Claude E. Boyd, Dynamics of POND Aquaculture, 2017
Wayne K. Seim, Claude E. Boyd, James S. Diana
Two general groups of trematode-caused diseases will be considered here, (1) opisthorchiasis (sometimes clonorchiasis) from liver and intestinal flukes (fishborne trematodes, FBTs) that are transmitted to humans via consumption of raw or improperly prepared fish or shellfish and (2) schistosomiasis, transmitted to humans via water contact (waterborne trematodes, WBTs). Of the FBTs, liver fluke species such as Clonorchis sinensis, Opisthorchis felineus, and O. viverrini (Asiatic liver fluke, endemic in Southeast Asia, China, Korea, Japan, and countries formerly in the USSR) are of more human health importance than the intestinal FBTs such as Fasciolopsis (giant intestinal fluke of Asia) (Larsson, 1994; Santos, 1994). Intestinal trematodes, though of less importance, still represent over 70 species of flukes infecting over 1 million people. Liver flukes infect over 50 million people worldwide, especially in eastern and southern Asia (Santos, 1994). Symptoms of chronic human infection includes gastrointestinal dysfunction, jaundice, fatigue, fever, and respiratory problems. Intermediate hosts are snails and freshwater fish; final hosts are mammals, including humans, cats, dogs, pigs, and wild animals, where consumed cercariae or metacercaria develop to adults in the liver bile ducts. Adults produce eggs that enter aquatic systems via defecated wastes, continuing the cycle where suitable intermediate hosts exist.
Overview of biological mechanisms of human carcinogens
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2019
Nicholas Birkett, Mustafa Al-Zoughool, Michael Bird, Robert A. Baan, Jan Zielinski, Daniel Krewski
Expression of c-Ski, TGF-β and Smad4, was significantly up-regulated (Boonmars et al. 2011) by Opisthorchis viverrini in a hamster model and humans. There was increased expression of proteins related to stress response, DNA replication and repair, and cell structure (Khoontawad et al. 2010). Elevated expression of DNA-repair enzymes was also reported (Khoontawad et al. 2010; Loilome et al. 2012). Aberrant hyper-methylation of certain loci is a common event in liver fluke-related cholangiocarcinoma and may potentially contribute to cholangiocarcinogenesis (Sriraksa et al. 2011).