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How to Make an Artificial General Intelligence
Published in Chace Calum, Artificial Intelligence and the Two Singularities, 2018
There is a prior example. For some years now, a complete connectome has been available of an organism called C. elegans. It is a tiny worm – just a millimetre long, and it lives in warm soils. It has the interesting property that almost all individuals of the species are hermaphrodite – just one in a thousand is male. C. elegans (Caenorhabditis elegans, in full) was one of the first multicellular organisms to have its genome mapped, and it was the first organism to have its connectome mapped – in outline back in 1986, and in more detail 20 years later. It was not only mapped, but posted online in detail by the Open Worm project in May 2013.
Biological Responses in Context
Published in Arthur T. Johnson, Biology for Engineers, 2019
There are certain species that may have trouble meeting others of their same kind. Sessile animals, burrowing animals, or internal parasites may have this problem of meeting a member of the opposite sex. Hermaphrodites are individuals with both male and female reproductive systems. Although these individuals could potentially fertilize themselves, most must mate with another member of the same species. Because both individuals can assume both male and female roles, this doubles the chances of encountering someone with which to mate (Figure 6.18.4).
Vermiremediation – Remediation of Soil Contaminated with Oil Using Earthworm (Eisenia fetida)
Published in Soil and Sediment Contamination: An International Journal, 2021
Earthworms are invertebrates and they belong to lumbriciade family. They are usually dominant in tropical and temperate soils. Earthworms are boneless, long, cylindrical, bilaterally symmetrical, narrow species with segmentation, measuring only a few inches. Earthworms are hermaphrodites, which means each earthworm have reproductive organs of both male and female. However, they cannot undergo self-fertilization. Worms who are sexually mature, while laying eggs have a unique area (i.e., epidermal ring-shaped) which is known as the clitellum, has gland cells that release material to form viscous band like structure called as cocoon. Cocoons size varies depending upon species. Cocoons are usually small. During its development stages, i.e., freshly laid stage to hatching, cocoon changes its color. In case of lumbricid worms, in each cocoon the number of fertilized ova ranges from 1 to 20 (STEPHENSON 1930), out of them usually only 1 or 2 survive and undergo hatching (Edwards, 1972).
Gendered Innovations: integrating sex, gender, and intersectional analysis into science, health & medicine, engineering, and environment
Published in Tapuya: Latin American Science, Technology and Society, 2021
This work also challenges simplistic notions of sex by revealing that marine organisms come in many sexual flavors. Some are protandrous hermaphrodites, maturing as male then changing sex to female; others are protogynous, maturing as female and then changing sex to male.25 In still others, sex can be influenced by social organization. Clownfish, for example, are protandrous hermaphrodites that live in a strict social hierarchy with a single dominant and highly fecund female at the top who mates with a single large male in the social group; all remaining individuals remain immature juveniles. Removal of the alpha female results in the alpha male changing sex to female, with all subordinates moving up a rung in the social hierarchy (Tannenbaum et al. 2019).