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The Prelude of Green Syntheses of Drugs and Natural Products
Published in Ahindra Nag, Greener Synthesis of Organic Compounds, Drugs and Natural Products, 2022
Leonardo Xochicale-Santana, C. C. Vidyasagar, Blanca M. Muñoz-Flores, Víctor M. Jiménez Pérez
The global pharmaceutical industry is worth approximately 1.1 trillion dollars. Natural products account for about 35% of all medicines. Plants (25%), microorganisms (13%), and animals (about 3%) all contributed directly or indirectly to the development of these medicines. Natural-derived products are a valuable resource for pharmaceutical firms seeking to create new drugs around the world. They are used as (i) a direct source of therapeutic agents (both pure drugs and medicinal products), (ii) a source of raw material for the manufacture of complex, semi-synthetic drugs, (iii) prototypes for lead molecule design, and (iv) taxonomic markers for drug discovery. Natural products or their derivatives account for about a third of the world's best-selling medicines. Between 1983 and 1994, 39% of the 520 new drugs approved by the FDA were natural products or derived from natural products, and about 60–80% of antibiotics and anti-cancer drugs are derived from natural products. In addition, 13 new medicines based on natural ingredients were introduced to the market. Ixabepilone, retapamulin, trabectedin, and the peptides exenatide and ziconotide are some of these. In the biopharmaceutical industry, natural product drug discovery continues to play an important role in the clinical production of new therapies.
Introduction
Published in Debabrata Das, Debayan Das, Biochemical Engineering, 2019
About two million different kinds of organisms live on earth. It is impossible to study every living organism individually; therefore, they are classified into various groups based on their similarities. The science dealing with the description, identification, naming, and classification of organisms is known as taxonomy. It was first developed by Carl Linnaeus. He is known as the father of taxonomy. For the naming of organisms, he introduced a binomial nomenclature comprising a genus name and a species name. Microorganisms can be classified based on their cell type, phenotypic, genotypic, and analytical. The most widely accepted classification based on cell type is the three-domain system introduced by Carl Woese et al. in 1977. It divides cellular life forms into archaea, bacteria, and eukarya domains (Table 1.2). For each domain, the final scientific hierarchy for classification is as follows: Domain > Kingdom > Phylum > Class > Order > Family > Genus > Species.
The CoDIS Taxonomy for Brain-Computer Interface Games Controlled by Electroencephalography
Published in International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction, 2023
Gabriel Alves Mendes Vasiljevic, Leonardo Cunha de Miranda
A taxonomy is a scheme of classification. The proposed taxonomy, called CoDIS, is faceted, rather than hierarchical, meaning that there is no implicit relationship between the classification categories, and no category is more important or general than the others. Instead, the investigated phenomenon is seen with multiple perspectives, called facets, allowing to classify an entity based on different aspects or characteristics (Tzitzikas et al., 2007; Usman et al., 2017). A faceted classification scheme can also be seen as a collection of taxonomies (Tzitzikas et al., 2007), since each facet has its own set of terminology for representing the different perspectives of the objects of interest, and each facet can be developed or expanded individually (Kwasnik, 1999). An individual entity is classified by associating it with zero or more terms from each facet. A faceted taxonomy is also recommended in cases in which the object of interest is subject to change over time, since it is more scalable in comparison to hierarchical structures (Prieto-Díaz, 1991).
Urban co-creation taxonomy
Published in Journal of Urban Design, 2022
Bruno Seve, Ernesto Redondo, Roberto Sega
Taxonomy is, in its most general sense, the science of classification. To create a taxonomy, first a classification system needs to be defined. To achieve this, the research combines levels of information, case studies and experiments, based on a mixed research methodology that brings together various approaches (Johnson et al., 2004; Creswell 2013).