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Small-Molecule Inhibitors Targeting Receptor Tyrosine Kinases in Cancer
Published in Peter Grunwald, Pharmaceutical Biocatalysis, 2020
Mohammad Hojjat-Farsangi, Gholamreza Khamisipour
Sorafenib (nexavar) is a TKI of several kinases as Raf, VEGFR, and PDGFR families and is currently used for the treatment of cancer patients with renal cell carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, and thyroid cancer. In a phase III, double-blind, randomized trial, 903 renal cell carcinoma patients that were resistant to chemotherapy received either sorafenib (n = 451) (400 mg/twice daily) or placebo group (n = 452) received placebo. Treatment of renal cell carcinoma patients with sorafenib has shown double PFS compared to the placebo group (5.5 months in the sorafenib vs. 2.8 months, respectively, HR = 0.44; 95%, CI = 0.35-0.55; P < 0.01) (Escudier et al., 2007). In 2005, the FDA approved sorafenib for the treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma patients or kidney cancer. It is the first FDA-approved treatment for this type of cancer in more than a decade. The approval was based on data from a large randomized and international trial with participation of 130 centers in patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma. Data showed a doubling of PFS in sorafenib treatment patients (Roskoski Jr., 2016).
Mycotoxins
Published in Brian D. Fath, Sven E. Jørgensen, Megan Cole, Managing Global Resources and Universal Processes, 2020
Ochratoxin is a potent nephrotoxin in swine and causes kidney cancer in male Fisher 344 rats. Pigs appear to be the most sensitive species with respect to the nephrotoxic effects.[20,40] Low exposures result in kidney damage in swine but, typically there are no overt signs. At higher concentrations (>2 μg/g), decreased weight gains occur. Poultry are affected, showing reduced growth rate and egg production at low ochratoxin concentrations >2 μg/g. Cattle are resistant to ochratoxin concentrations found in naturally contaminated grain.[20]
Environmental Protection
Published in Lawrence S. Chan, William C. Tang, Engineering-Medicine, 2019
Patients with chronic arsenic toxicity, documented by 0.1–0.5 mg/kg arsenic concentration detected on hair sample, commonly suffer the followings (Ratnaike 2003): Cardiovascular: hypertension, ischemic heart disease, cardiac arrhythmia, cardiomyopathy, gangrene.Gastrointestinal: diarrhea, vomiting, hepatomegaly, liver fibrosis, liver cirrhosis.Neurological: peripheral neuropathy, anesthesia, confusion, memory loss, cognitive impairment, cerebral infarction.Genitourinary: nephritis, prostate cancer, bladder cancer, kidney cancer.Endocrine: diabetes.Cutaneous: palmar and solar keratosis, skin cancer.
A PPM-based UNet for Tumour and Kidney Segmentation in CTScans
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering: Imaging & Visualization, 2023
Marcus Vinicius S. L. Oliveira, Caio E. F. Matos, Geraldo Braz Júnior, Anselmo Cardoso de Paiva, João D. Sousa de Almeida, Gabriel J. S. Costa, Matheus L. L. Bessa, Mario P. Freitas Filho
The segmentation task of kidneys and kidney tumours in computed tomography images aims to help specialists diagnose kidney cancer. Several papers have investigated the application and development of techniques focused on image processing and deep learning to analyse and segment the kidney and suspicious tumoural regions.