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Ecological and Health Implications of Heavy Metals Contamination in the Environment and Their Bioremediation Approaches
Published in Ram Naresh Bharagava, Sandhya Mishra, Ganesh Dattatraya Saratale, Rijuta Ganesh Saratale, Luiz Fernando Romanholo Ferreira, Bioremediation, 2022
Reproductive system is severely affected by lead toxicity in both sexes. In males, it is responsible for suppressed rates of serum testosterone, reduced plasma luteinizing hormone, testicular tissue alteration, increased prostate weight, reduced libido, chromosomal damage, reduced sperm counts, deteriorated sperm quality and infertility. In females, toxic levels of lead cause unbalanced oestrus cycles, miscarriages, ovarian follicular cysts, premature membrane rupture and lower birth weight. In persons with lead poisoning, kidney biopsy reveals loss of PCT (proximal convoluted tubules), interstitial fibrosis, excretion of urate (suggesting gout), hyperuricaemia, hypertension and renal breakdown. Lead poisoning causes anaemia by damaging the membrane of RBC, making them fragile (Wani et al. 2015).
Kidney Structure and Physiology
Published in Joseph D. Bronzino, Donald R. Peterson, Biomedical Engineering Fundamentals, 2019
Joel M. Henderson and Mostafa Belghasem
Kidney biopsy is used to evaluate the morphologic appearance of the kidney tissue. Most known and common kidney diseases exhibit specic morphologic features in the kidney parenchyma that allow for diagnosis and formulation of an appropriate treatment plan (Jennette and Heptinstall 2007). Kidney biopsies are performed when there is clinical evidence of intrinsic kidney disease, including acute or chronic renal failure, hematuria, proteinuria, nephritic syndrome, or the nephrotic syndrome. Biopsy is also useful to assess the extent of chronic, irreversible damage to the kidney in cases where the disease process has been identied (Figure 2.7). e kidney tissue is routinely evaluated using light (brighteld) microscopy, immuno-epiuorescence microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy (see Figure
Vasculitis induced by drugs
Published in Philippe Camus, Edward C Rosenow, Drug-induced and Iatrogenic Respiratory Disease, 2010
Michiel De Vries, Marjolein Drent, Jan-Wil Cohen Tervaert
Wegener’s granulomatosis (WG), Churg–Strauss syndrome (CSS), microscopic polyangiitis (MPA), Henoch–Schönlein purpura and mixed essential cryoglobulinaemic vasculitis all belong to the group of small-vessel vasculitides. Isolated pauci-immune pulmonary capillaritis and isolated renal vasculitis with pauci-immune necrotizing crescentic glomerulonephritis in the kidney biopsy can be considered as limited subsets of small-vessel vasculitis. In many patients with small-vessel vasculitis, antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) can be detected. Two major categories of ANCA can be recognized in vasculitis. These are PR3 ANCA that produce a cytoplasmic staining pattern in the indirect immunofluorescence (IF) technique and that react in the antigen specific ELISA test with proteinase,2 and MPO-ANCA that produce a perinuclear staining pattern in the IF test and react with myeloperoxidase in the ELISA. PR3 ANCA positivity is mostly associated with WG, whereas CSS and MPA are mostly associated with MPO-ANCA. In primary forms of small-vessel vasculitis, generally, ANCA is directed to either PR3 or MPO. In drug-induced vasculitis, however, multiple ANCA specificities are frequently found. ANCA in these patients react not only with MPO and/or PR3 but also with elastase, lactoferrin and sometimes other myeloid proteins.2
Hybrid classification framework for chronic kidney disease prediction model
Published in The Imaging Science Journal, 2023
Smitha Patil, Savita Choudhary
In 2018, Yang et al. [26] examined the tubule-interstitial injury level in individuals via a specific method, which combined renal sonographic constraints and laboratory biomarkers. 308 participants were subsequently enlisted for the analytic function. The procedure included ‘contrast-improved ultrasonography, conventional US, and kidney biopsy.’ Additionally, patients with CKD were divided into groups that were low, medium, and extreme. Further, improved accuracy was accomplished over other compared models.
Mouse-to-human transfer learning for glomerulus segmentation
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering: Imaging & Visualization, 2023
Luiz Souza, Jefferson Silva, Paulo Chagas, Angelo Duarte, Washington LC-dos Santos, Luciano Oliveira
The analytical protocol shown in Figure 1 illustrates the outline of the proposed study split as follows: (i) data acquisition, (ii) glomerulus annotation, (iii) patch generation, (iv) training of the network models with mice glomerular images, (v) network model prediction on human samples, and finally (vi) stitching the predicted patches of human glomeruli. The first step consists of the extraction of kidney biopsy sections from mice and humans with 40 magnification, followed by staining with haematoxylin and eosin (HE), periodic acid-Schiff (PAS), and periodic acid-methenamine silver (PAMS). In the second step, the Cytomine1 software was used to perform manual annotation of the glomeruli to support the training of the network models. At In the third step, the WSIs were divided into patches of 1024 × 1024 pixels with padding size of 256 pixels; each patch was resized to 320320 pixels due to high-memory footprint to increase training speed. In the fourth step, the generated patches from mice samples are used to train the following networks: U-Net (Ronneberger et al. 2015), U-Net 3+ (Huang et al. 2020), Res-U-Net (Zhang et al. 2018), DeepLabV3+ (Chen et al. 2018), and MA-Net (Fan et al. 2020). We highlight that all networks had the EfficientNet-b1 (Tan and Le 2019) architecture as the backbone (encoder). The next steps refer to the segmentation of human glomerular samples using the models trained on mice glomerular images. In the fifth step, the best prediction model was selected for each architecture, and the segmentation performance was assessed through the dice coefficient metric (DICE score). Finally, in the sixth step, the resulting predicted patches from all models are stitched to compound the resulting semantic segmentation masks.
Serum miRNA-146a and vitamin D values in chronic renal ailment with and without comorbid cardiovascular disease
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2023
Fatma K. A. Hamid, Alshaymaa M. Alhabibi, Mona A. Mohamed, Hanaa Hussein El-Sayed, Nehad Rafaat Ibrahim, Ghadir Mohamed Hassan Elsawy, Entsar M. Ahmad
Serum urea, creatinine and corresponding calculations of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), in addition to ultrasound imaging, and kidney biopsy are the main tools for CKD diagnosis. However, renal biopsy may cause traumatic effects and cannot be used in routine investigation. Also, serum creatinine and ultrasound have some limitations in assessing the renal injury due to their low sensitivity [4].