China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Synovial Fluid
Published in Verna Wright, Eric L. Radin, Mechanics of Human Joints, 2020
Pierre Geborek, Frank A. Wollheim
Cytokines have been identified in SF. However, their cellular origins often remain speculative. Also, their physiological role in the inflammed joint remains uncertain because of their multiple functions and target cells. A tentative functional classification was suggested by Harris. Interleukin-2, interleukin-3, interleukin-4, and interferon-γ are produced by Tlymphocytes, and their functions relate to activation and amplification of cellular and humoral immune responses. Interleukin-1, interleukin-6, colony-stimulating factor 1, and tumor necrosis factor a originate from macrophages-fibroblasts, and they have broad effects on cells, resulting in proliferation, increased prostaglandin formation, protease activity, bone resorption, and fever. Interestingly, cytokines originating from lymphocytes seem to be low in SF, whereas those from macrophages-fibroblasts are high. The hypothesis has been that macrophage-fibroblast originating substances inhibit lymphocyte cytokines, at least in rheumatoid joints (52).
Collection and Expansion of Stem Cells
Published in Richard K. Burt, Alberto M. Marmont, Stem Cell Therapy for Autoimmune Disease, 2019
The first demonstration of the use of growth factors to generate increased numbers of specific cell populations was performed by Bradley et al in the early 1980’s using crude conditioned media (CM) as a source of hematopoietic growth factors.90 In these studies it was shown that incubation of post fluorouracil (FU) mouse bone marrow cells in WEHI-3 CM for 7 days, resulted in a 60-fold increase of primitive progenitor cells (CFU-S), and a 53-fold increase in committed progenitor cells (GM-CFC). In subsequent studies from the same group, it was shown that preincubation with CM could expand primitive murine progenitor cells (HPP-CFC) and cells with in vivo marrow repopulating ability.91,92 Using a similar culture system of human bone marrow cells in teflon bottles, it was shown that the combination of recombinant human granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (rhGM-CSF) plus recombinant human interleukin 3 (rhIL-3) could generate a 7-fold increase in committed progenitor cells (GM-CFC).93 In 1991, Bernstein et al94 demonstrated that incubation of single CD34+Lin- cells in the combination of IL-3, granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) and stem cell factor (SCF) gave rise to a 10-fold increase of colonies in vitro.
Pesticides and Chronic Diseases
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 4, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
Investigations on a number of patient suffering from hypoplastic/aplastic anemia in the outpatient department revealed that the disease accumulation was statistically high in the field workers engaged in agricultural work that have continuous exposure to different pesticides of organophosphorus/organochloride origin. Previous reports on this score were also found to bear supportive evidences.789–791 Law et al.773 attempted to investigate into the damages caused by the toxic pesticides within the BM organization causing aplastic anemia and also to look at the plausible therapeutic approaches for the disease distribution of the pesticide victims. These also involved two control groups, a healthy control (N) and a NPAA group for the purpose of comparison. The objectives of the present investigation were to (1) characterize the growth patterns of the BM-derived cells of the pesticide victims and the non-pesticide aplastic groups together with elucidation of their immune profiles, (2) evaluate the role of exogenous biomodulators, including stem cell factor (SCF), interleukin-3 (IL-3), and granulocyte-colony stimulation factor (G-CSF) on ex vivo culture systems of deficient marrow (set 1), (3) elucidate the role of CBPF (set 2) on the BM culture of the subjects from an immunological perspective, and (4) reveal the quantum of CD34 + cell generation in the ex vivo BM culture of the subjects modulated with cytokines (set 1) and CBPF (set 2).
Assessment of hepatic functions, hematopoietic cytokines and haematological parameters in people occupationally exposed to volatile petroleum hydrocarbons
Published in Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health, 2021
Silas Ufelle, Kenechukwu Onyekwelu, Aneke Chinweoke, Daniel Ibegbu, Uzoamaka Okoli, Joy Ikekpeazu
In this study, the groups exposed to volatile petroleum hydrocarbons in both males and females presented significant increase in interleukin-3 compared with their respective controls. This is in accordance with the study carried out by Moro et al., 2019 in which the gasoline station attendants presented increased pro-inflammatory cytokines24. During the detoxification and bio-transformation of the inhaled and ingested chemicals in petrol by the liver, many oxidative and reactive species are produced, which could contribute to the increased of interleukin-3. Interleukin 3 is a type of biological signal (cytokine) that stimulates the differentiation of multipotent hematopoietic stem cells.