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COVID-19 Vaccine Development and Applications
Published in Yashwant V. Pathak, Gene Delivery Systems, 2022
Inactivated/whole-cell killed vaccines are produced by growing a virus in cell culture, which is then inactivated by physical (heat) or chemical (formaldehyde) methods (28–29). This type of vaccine is more stable than live attenuated vaccines, but their limit is mainly related to the short duration of immune memory, which requires reminders of the immune system by multiple doses or an inoculation of higher amounts of vaccine. They are often combined with alum or another adjuvant in the vaccine to stimulate a robust immune response (30). Immune responses elicited by a SARS-CoV-2 inactivated vaccine would target not only the spike protein but also other antigens of the virus. Many inactivated COVID-19 vaccines are developed in China, India, and Kazakhstan (see Table 12.1).
A Study on Mathematical and Computational Models in the Context of COVID-19
Published in Chhabi Rani Panigrahi, Bibudhendu Pati, Mamata Rath, Rajkumar Buyya, Computational Modeling and Data Analysis in COVID-19 Research, 2021
The impact of vaccines on understanding the spread and control of COVID-19 was studied as a mathematical model (Yamamoto, 2018). In the case of children, let “e” be the inoculation rate of vaccine. By addition of this parameter, the population under the recovered group increases; hence we have the model equations as:dsdt=b1−e−μst−βstitdidt=βstit−γ+μitdrdt=be+γit−μrt
Identification of HPV types 6 and 11 in skin tags using PCR
Published in Cut Adeya Adella, Stem Cell Oncology, 2018
J. Karayana, N.K. Jusuf, I.B. Putra
HPV is epitheliotropic and host-specific, with infection across the species being uncommon (Androphy & Kirnbauer, 2012). HPV infection occurs through inoculation of the virus into a viable epidermis through breaks in the epithelial barrier. Maceration of the skin is probably an important predisposing factor. Animal models using HPV virions demonstrate that attachment to heparan sulfate proteoglycans on the basement membrane is a required initial step in natural infection. A furin protease then cleaves L2, inducing a conformation change that allows binding to an unidentified basal cell receptor. This experimental model explains how PV reserva indection for and specifically target epithelial basal cells (Androphy & Kirnbauer, 2012).
A pedestrian-based model for simulating COVID-19 transmission on college campus
Published in Transportmetrica A: Transport Science, 2023
Although macroscopic models are suitable for macro-level decisions, they may overlook the details of modeling social interactions between individuals, such as the ability to describe the dynamics of disease transmission within or between small communities. Network-based disease transmission models partly address these limitations. Fournie,Guitian, and Desvaux (2013) abstractly described the live bird trading market in Vietnam as a weighted directed network to analyze the spread of H5N1 influenza. Eames, Read, and Edmunds (2009) and Deijfen (2011) studied the immunization strategy in the weighted network and confirmed that the acquaintance immunization strategy (inoculation of neighbor nodes with a larger edge weight coefficient with infected individuals) was superior to the random immunization strategy.
Making smart manufacturing smarter – a survey on blockchain technology in Industry 4.0
Published in Enterprise Information Systems, 2021
Abeyratne and Monfared (2016) proposed a blockchain-based system to trace supply chain product information throughout its life cycle. Each product is associated with a tag containing a unique QR, RFID or barcode. Like a digital twin, the tag establishes a connection between a physical product and its cyber identity on the blockchain network. Any authorised entities such as manufacturers, distributors, auditors, and consumers can access the product’s profile by simply scanning the tag. Since the blockchain network stores the current and past transactions of the product, the details about the product are available to all the registered entities in the supply chain. Yong et al. (2019) proposed a blockchain-based framework for vaccine supply chain. In their proposal, three entities are involved in the vaccine blockchain: the vaccine manufacturers (enterprises), the lot release agents, and the CDC. Since the blockchain keeps tamper-resistant vaccine records, any potential vaccine expiration and vaccine record fraud can be detected. Smart contracts are used to query personal inoculation records and vaccine circulation. The authors also proposed several machine learning models to provide recommendations for the users to choose the best immunisation vaccines.
Infection capability of SARS-CoV-2 on different surfaces
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2021
Ranjan K. Mohapatra, Pradeep Kumar Das, Lucia Pintilie, Kuldeep Dhama
The sustainability of the SARS-CoV-2 has also been investigated by Liu et al. 2020 on different surfaces. As per the study, the virus remains active on smooth surfaces (ceramics, clothes, wood, glass, latex gloves, and surgical mask) at room temperature up to 7 days [11]. The survival time of the virus in urine and fecal samples was also reported. As per the report, there is a longer survival time of the virus in the samples collected from children as compared to those in adults. A study also claimed longest survival (6 days) of SARS-CoV by placing large virus sample (107 infectious virus particles) on a surface [12]. Duan et al. 2003 have also claimed survival of the SARS-CoV for four days using a similarly large sample (106 infectious virus particles) on a surface [13]. The longevity of both SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 for up to 3 days in aerosols and 2 days on other surfaces has been reported by van Doremalen et al. 2020 [14]. A study also established long survival of human Coronavirus (229E) on surfaces (5 days) with a large viral load [15]. The survival time of the virus on different surfaces largely hinges on factors such as volume of virus inoculation and titer of virus stock. However, these concentrations are a lot higher than those in droplets in real-life situations [16]. If this is the case and SARS-CoV-2 rarely infects through contaminated surfaces, then why we are still doing deep cleaning [17]. Moreover, Choi and coworkers have discussed a clear understanding of the transmission due to surface contamination of SARS‑CoV‑2 in healthcare settings [18].