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Role of Streptokinase as a Thrombolytic Agent for Medical Applications
Published in Pankaj Bhatt, Industrial Applications of Microbial Enzymes, 2023
Hamza Rafeeq, Muhammad Anjum Zia, Asim Hussain, Ayesha Safdar, Muhammad Bilal, Hafiz M. N. Iqbal
Plasminogen is directly activated by both uPA and tPA having the M/W of 55 and 70 kDa, respectively, and both are glycoproteins responsible for the production of uPA and excreted through urine. Alternatively, vascular cells cause the production of tPA (Moore et al., 2020; Whyte and Mutch, 2021). The therapeutic use of tPA is achieved from the culture of recombinant animals cells (Hoffmann et al., 2020). Tissue plasminogen activators activate clot-bound plasminogen 100 times more effectively compared to circulatory plasminogen. AMI is usually recognized as a heart attack. In these conditions, enough blood is not supplied to the heart, causing damage to the heart muscles. Mostly, myocardial infarction occurs because a thrombus or blood clot formed in coronary arteries, causing the blockage of arteries (Silverman et al., 2020). The factors responsible for coronary artery disease are high cholesterol level in the blood, high blood pressure, deficiency of exercise, obesity, diabetes, smoking, deprived diet, and too much drinking (Akbar et al., 2020).
Iatrogenic tracheobronchial and chest injury
Published in Philippe Camus, Edward C Rosenow, Drug-induced and Iatrogenic Respiratory Disease, 2010
Marios Froudarakis, Demosthenes Makris, Demosthenes Bouros
Cardiac catheterization involves some risks, as with every invasive procedure. The most common complications resulting from cardiac catheterization are vascular-related, including external bleeding at the arterial puncture site, haematomas, and pseudoaneurysms. Less frequent complications include cardiac arrhythmias, pericardial tamponade and renal failure. The most serious complications are stroke, myocardial infarction and death resulting from clotting or rupture in one of the coronary or cerebral vessels.57 The risk of complications from cardiac catheterization is higher in patients over the age of 60, in those who have severe heart failure, and in those with advanced valvular disease.
A Deep Learning and Multilayer Neural Network Approach for Coronary Heart Disease Detection
Published in Neeraj Mohan, Surbhi Gupta, Chuan-Ming Liu, Society 5.0 and the Future of Emerging Computational Technologies, 2022
Seema Rani, Neeraj Mohan, Surbhi Gupta, Priyanka Kaushal, Amit Wason
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) involve both the heart and blood vessels. The growth of ischemic heart diseases (IHD) is due to cardiovascular disease, which includes such myocardial infarctions as heart attacks and angina. Coronary heart disease (CHD) develops plaque (a waxy substance) within the coronary arteries. Blood rich in oxygen is supplied to the heart by these arteries. The disease is called atherosclerosis when the plaque starts to grow up in these arteries. The plaque develops over a number of years. This plaque may tighten or rupture over time. The function of the coronary arteries is reduced due to hardened plaque, reducing the flow of oxygenated blood to the heart. Blood clots also develop because of plaque breakage. Blood circulation through a coronary artery is blocked due to large coagulation. The broken plaque hardens and shrinks the coronary arteries. The segment of the heart muscle starts to die if blood flow is not restored soon. A cardiac infarction can lead to severe issues and even death without prompt treatment. Heart attacks are a worldwide prevalent cause of death. The following are some of the prevalent symptoms of cardiac attack: Chest pain: This is the most prevalent heart attack symptom. When a person has a blocked artery or a heart crash, he or she can experience pain, strain or chest pressure.Heartburn, nausea, stomach pain and indigestion: These cardiac symptoms are frequently ignored. They are more common in women than in men.Arm pain: Starting from the chest, pain goes to the arms, mainly to the left.Sensation of dizziness and slightly faint: These symptoms result in loss of balance.Fatigue: Doing simple tasks results in a sense of tiredness.Sweating: The act of releasing liquid from the skin by the sweat glands.Other prevalent cardiovascular diseases include peripheral artery disease, hypertensive heart disease, stroke, venous thrombosis cardiac failure, heart rheumatism, aortic aneurysm, congenital heart disease and valvular cardiac disease
Grafting, characterization and enhancement of therapeutic activity of berberine loaded PEGylated PAMAM dendrimer for cancerous cell
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2023
Deepa Yadav, Bhupesh C. Semwal, Hitesh Kumar Dewangan
The creation of thrombus in blood arteries produced by platelet aggregation. The i.v. infusion could cause myocardial infarction, temporary ischemia or stroke. It is critical to measure platelet aggregation in human whole blood after PEGylated berberine dendrimer treatment. After incubation with berberine and berberine loaded PEGylated dendrimer at varied concentration (10, 50, and 100 g/mL), quantitative platelet aggregation was calculated using a hematological counter. To test the dilution impact, PBS was utilized as a spontaneous control. Results of platelet aggregation are shown in Figure 8. At all dosages (p > 0.05), Platelet counts in samples treated with berberine and those treated with PBS were statistically the same. These results demonstrate that intravenous administration of PEGylated berberine dendrimer is safe and does not result in platelet aggregation.
First-in-Man trial of a drug-free bioresorbable stent designed to minimize the duration of coronary artery scaffolding
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2021
Jean Fajadet, Marco G. Mennuni, Didier Carrié, Paul Barragan, Pierre Coste, Michel Vert, Antoine Lafont
The ART–BRS drug-free bioresorbable stents was clinically safe at 6 months and throughout the 36 months of follow-up. There was no death, myocardial infarction or scaffold thrombosis during the trial. Degradation was almost complete at 2 years. Higher rate of Target Lesion Revascularization together with significant Late Lumen Loss due to neointimal hyperplasia at 1 year are still shortcomings to be solved although partial inversion of loss at 2 years minimized the shortcoming. One of the possible improvements is reduction of the thickness of the struts to limit the perturbation of blood flow. If thinning the struts fails, it will remain the possibility of adding an anti-proliferative drug. However, this will be at the expenses of rapid re-endothelization. The early formation of degradation by-products may be a source of inflammation difficult to avoid if benefice of fast degradation is desired. Anyhow, the results of the present work argue in favor of PLA98 as base to make exploitable bioresorbable stents. The recent reporting of a lack of advantages in the case of the drug-eluting BVS relative to drug-eluting metallic stents has affected the domain of bioresorbable stents dramatically. The main question that is remaining presently is whether bioresorbability, i.e. elimination of a device that otherwise affects local flexibility definitely, is of fundamental interest or not in percutaneous coronary intervention. The future of bioresorbable scaffolding is totally dependent on the answer.
Surface tension measurement of normal human blood samples by pendant drop method
Published in Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology, 2020
Siddharth Singh Yadav, Basant Singh Sikarwar, Priya Ranjan, Rajiv Janardhanan, Ayush Goyal
From the results discussed above, it is evident that blood surface tension has a relationship to both temperature and anticoagulant concentration. Temperature is a parameter that does get affected by disease. For example, fever, whether caused by a cold or viral infection, will cause the body temperature to increase. The results shown above indicate that due to its relation and sensitivity to temperature, blood surface tension could possibly be used as one of the measures of temperature, and thus of disease from human blood. Anticoagulant concentration is another factor that is related to disease. Anticoagulants are administered as blood thinners to avoid clotting in blood. They are used to minimise the possibility of myocardial infarction or cardiovascular accident due to thrombosis. From the results presented earlier, the blood surface tension parameter could possibly be used to measure the concentration of anticoagulants in the blood.