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Mechanistic Model of Tumor Response to Immunotherapy
Published in Vittorio Cristini, Eugene J. Koay, Zhihui Wang, An Introduction to Physical Oncology, 2017
Geoffrey V. Martin, Eman Simbawa
Similar to modeling vaccine strategies, systems of ODEs can be used to model systemic immune activating agents. One example of this strategy was an investigation by de Pillis et al. that studied the role of interleukin-21 (IL-21) as an immune stimulating agent for anticancer therapy [340]. IL-21 has been found to exhibit antitumor effects by increasing immune cell–mediated killing of tumor cells, inducing lasting antitumor immune cell memory, and reducing angiogenic and metastases in various tumors [341,342]. One important proposed mechanism for IL-21 efficacy is the transition from an innate natural killer (NK) cell response to a more effective and specific cytotoxic T-cell (CD8+) antitumor response. To model these interactions, de Pillis et al. used six ODEs representing the IL-21 concentration in blood, population dynamics of NK cells in the spleen, population dynamics of specific antitumor CD8+ T cells in the lymph nodes, an element facilitating CD8+ T-cell memory, a cytotoxic protein affecting tumor lysis, and tumor mass. Their model consisted of 21 parameters that were estimated by fitting to experimental murine data or obtaining biologically relevant estimates from the literature. The model was able to predict the growth patterns of multiple types of tumors after receiving a variety of IL-21 dosing schedules, and predicts that different amounts of IL-21 lead to tumor eradication based on tumor mass and tumor antigenic properties. These examples of immunotherapy in cancer show that simple systems of ODEs are able to predict experimental or clinical results, but their full utility in tailoring treatment to individual patients remains a task for future validation.
Evaluating the cytotoxicity of tin dioxide nanofibers
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2018
Ashley S. Reynolds, Tanya H. Pierre, Rebecca McCall, Ji Wu, Worlanyo E. Gato
To further examine the effects of SnDNFs on A549 cells, the expression of key inflammatory genes were quantified. There has not been much research on the gene expression in A549 cells exposed to SnDNFs. After completing PCR, it appears that both inflammatory genes and apoptotic genes were expressed. The genes for IL-7, IL-21 and TNFα were over-expressed in cells that were treated with SnDNF. IL-7 (interleukin 7), is a cytokine involved in B-cell and T-cell formation. IL-7 can play a role in lymphoid cell survival and could have effects on cancer.[15] IL-7 also has anti-tumor effects leading to the potential of decreasing cancer cell development. Therefore, an overexpression of this gene could show a decrease in cancer cell growth.[15] Similarly, IL-21 is a cytokine involved in immune response. This protein also plays a role in antitumor T-cell immunity.[16] Overexpression of IL-21 would exhibit increased formation of T-cells that provide protection from cancerous cells. TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor, is a proinflammatory cytokine involved in cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. The overexpression of TNF- α could imply cells are undergoing increased inflammation, or increased apoptosis.[17]
Effect of lyophilization and spray-drying on cytokine levels and antioxidant capacity in human milk
Published in Drying Technology, 2022
Vanessa Javera Castanheira Neia, Joana Maira Valentini Zacarias, Josiane Bazzo de Alencar, Patrícia Daniele Silva dos Santos, Christyna Beatriz Genovez Tavares, Meliana G. Paula, Silvio Claudio da Costa, Mariana Maciel de Oliveira, Celso Vataru Nakamura, Oscar Oliveira Santos, Jeane E. L. Visentainer, Jesuí V. Visentainer
The cytokines IL˗17A, IL-17F, IL-21, and IL-22 are produced by Th17 cells and are involved in the activation of neutrophils and increased barrier immunity against extracellular bacteria and fungi.[26] Among Th17 cytokines, IL-21 concentration was higher than IL-17A/F and IL-22, in our study. IL-21 acts on naive B cells and induces antibody isotype switching to IgA.[27] The presence of IgA in HM compensates for the small amount of IgA in the infant,[28] and seems to play a role in regulating the immune response to dietary antigens.[29]