China 
Africa 
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Pathological Manifestations and Mechanisms of Metal Toxicity
Published in Debasis Bagchi, Manashi Bagchi, Metal Toxicology Handbook, 2020
One possible mechanism of toxicity for Al is that it can cause a decline in cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) response element-binding protein (CREB) phosphorylation and downregulation of transcription and protein expression in CREB target genes such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and related levels of target of rapamycin complex 1 (TORC) and NAD-dependent protein deacetylase sirtuin-1 (SIRT1) that are associated with aberrant hippocampus neuronal ultrastructure (Yan et al., 2017). Al and Mercury (Hg) have also been shown to contribute to inflammation in the CNS that can lead to both degeneration and neuronal loss. The increase in proinflammatory signaling has been reported to aim the genetic apparatus including transcription adenosine triphosphate (ATP) generation. Al also impacts the regulation (up) of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-ƙB) and upregulation of microRNAs and subsequent downregulation of neuronal brain specific genes (Alexandrov, Pogue, & Lukiw, 2018). Also part of the proinflammatory properties of this metal is the ability to increase glial reactivity, macrophage activation, and to produce proinflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1α), and acute phase proteins (Bondy, 2010).
in vivo Evaluation of Tissue-Engineered Injectable Devices for Breast Tissue Reconstruction
Published in Yusuf Khan, Cato T. Laurencin, Regenerative Engineering, 2018
Cheryl T. Gomillion, Karen J. L. Burg, Steven E. Ellis
The bovine mammary gland consists of comparable anatomical structures and tissue types as that of the normal human breast (Akers, 2002). A histological evaluation reveals that bovine mammary tissue is more similar to that of humans than is mammary tissue of traditional animal models such as mice and rats. The ductal structures in humans and dairy cattle are surrounded by relatively dense stromal tissue (Capuco and Ellis, 2005; Rowson et al., 2012; Russo et al., 2001), unlike the ducts in murine mammary glands, which are nearly completely enclosed by adipocytes (Lee et al., 2003). More importantly, in addition to the structural and anatomical similarities that exist between human and bovine tissue, conserved synteny between the human and bovine genome has been well defined through comparative mapping and chromosome painting studies (Band et al., 2000, Solinas-Toldo et al., 1995, Threadgill and Womack, 1990, Threadgill et al., 1990, Womack and Kata, 1995). Furthermore, studies have also demonstrated that cytokines found in the bovine mammary gland, such as interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL8, IL-12, interferon-γ, and tumor necrosis factor-α, have a high level of homology (>80% in some instances) with specific human proteins (Alluwaimi, 2004).
Outdoor Air Pollution
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 4, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
Inflammation is an essential defensive phenomenon whose development and conditions are articulated by molecular events programmed according to an encoded procedure through mechanisms of convergent evolution: that is, (1) the Epstein–Barr virus contains a homologous gene to that of human IL-10 that encodes a product with similar activity to that of the natural CK. This makes it possible to see that the acquisition by the virus of the IL-10 gene during evolution has conferred on the virus the capacity to inhibit the immune response of the host and, consequently, a selective benefit for its own survival; (2) the interleukin-1 (IL-1) transduction mechanism is toll type; (3) IL-1α and IL-1β share the same ribbon-like structure folded at 12 points like the growth bonds of heparin and the Kunitz-type inhibitors of trypsin; (4) receptor similarity of a number of chemokines with the Duffy AG that mediates the penetration of Plasmodium vivax into erythrocytes. These examples of “molecular archaeology” demonstrate how the phylogenetic continuum is accomplished through progressive imperceptible transformations of the archaic genomes, but only for the essential functions—among them molecular defense and protection—the base-model (pattern) has remained essentially unchanged in comparison to the one that was active millions of years ago. However, these genes can backfire when an inappropriate triggering agent like pesticides, natural gas, EMF, food, and mold each enter the body in sufficient volume to trigger the memory which activates the molecular defense.
Evaluation of the proinflammatory effects of contaminated bathing water
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2019
Anas A. Sattar, Wondwossen Abate, Gyorgy Fejer, Graham Bradley, Simon K. Jackson
Our results showed that in both cell culture models, contaminated water samples induced high levels of IL-6. Recent studies reported that an increase in levels of IL-6 in the lungs plays an active role in pathogenesis of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (Rincon and Irvin 2012). Our findings also demonstrated that the levels of TNF-α in both MPI and MM6 and IL-8 in MM6 were enhanced when stimulated with contaminated water samples. Elevated levels of TNF-α play a key role in amplifying the effect on asthmatic inflammation as evidenced by increases in trans-epithelial migration of neutrophils mediated through IL-8 (Babu, Davies, and Holgate 2004). Levels of IL1-α were also elevated when stimulated with contaminated water samples. In the blood stream, IL-1α is generally either absent or present at low concentrations. Increased levels of IL1-α were associated with various diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 diabetes, and infection (Dinarello 2011).