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Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Cytokine Signaling within 3D Tissue Models
Published in Karen J.L. Burg, Didier Dréau, Timothy Burg, Engineering 3D Tissue Test Systems, 2017
Stephen L. Rego, Tian McCann, Didier Dréau
IL8 is an inflammatory cytokine that falls under the subcategory of chemokines (Baggiolini and Clark-Lewis 1992). Macrophages are the primary producers of IL8; however, other cells including epithelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and endothelial cells have also been shown to release IL8 (Gahler et al. 2000; Carneiro-Lobo et al. 2014; Sakai et al. 2014; Ibusuki et al. 2015). The major functions of IL8 include cell recruitment, stimulating phagocytosis, and angiogenesis. IL8 can activate a number of different cell surface receptors including the chemokine receptors CXCR1 and CXCR2, which often leads to activation of the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NFκB) transcription factor (Min et al. 2008). Regulation of IL6 and IL8 expression is highly dependent on the 3D microenvironment, as evidenced by the increased expression of these cytokines in 3D cocultures of breast cancer cells and fibroblasts compared to 2D cultures (Estrada et al. 2016).
Metal-Based Nanoparticles and the Immune System: Activation, Inflammation, and Potential Applications
Published in Raj Bawa, János Szebeni, Thomas J. Webster, Gerald F. Audette, Immune Aspects of Biopharmaceuticals and Nanomedicines, 2019
Yueh-Hsia Luo, Louis W. Chang, Pinpin Lin
Proinflammatory cytokines can be induced by TLR signaling pathways. Many cytokines, such as interleukin-(IL-) 1, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-) α, can activate inflammatory cells, increase vascular permeability, and cause swelling and redness during acute inflammatory responses [42]. IL-1 and IL-6 are important mediators of fever [43]. TNF-α activates endothelial cells leading to hypotension. IL-8 is a chemokine that activates neutrophils or other granulocytes and recruits them to the site of inflammation [44]. Interferon- (IFN-) γ plays an important role in the inflammatory process, recruiting macrophages to the site where an antigen is present [42]. Many studies have reported that NPs can trigger cytokine production associated with inflammatory responses. The levels of proinflammatory cytokines are measured as biomarkers of nanoparticle immunomodulatory effects and immune-mediated toxicity [42]. TiO2 nanoparticles, nanodiamond, and nanoplatinum also have been reported to trigger proinflammatory cytokine production, dendritic cell maturation, and naïve T cell activation and proliferation [45, 46]. Hanley et al. also reported that ZnO nanoparticles increased the expression of IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-12 in primary human immune cells [47]. Gold nanoparticles (10 nm and 50 nm in size) induced IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in rat liver cells after 1 day of acute treatment and then subsided by day 5 of subchronic treatment. The 50 nm gold nanoparticles produced more severe inflammation than the 10 nm gold nanoparticles [48]. However, only limited studies have demonstrated whether or which TLR is involved in the NPs induced proinflammatory cytokines production.
Immunology of Scleroderma
Published in Richard K. Burt, Alberto M. Marmont, Stem Cell Therapy for Autoimmune Disease, 2019
IL-8 is an angiogenic cytokine89 and is chemotatic for neutrophils, T lymphocytes and endothelial cells.90 An upregulation in the expression of IL-8 was demonstrated in skin endothelium from patients with SSc,86 however, this increase in the expression of IL-8 on endothelial cells correlated with a disease duration of less than one year.86 Elevated levels of IL-8 have been identified in serum91 and in BAL fluids from SSc patients with pulmonary fibrosis.92
Evaluation of the cellular effects of silica particles used for dermal application
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2023
Masanori Horie, Haruhisa Kato, Ayako Nakamura, Yutaka Kadota, Naoyuki Izumi
The cellular effects of 5 types of silica particles for cosmetic use were examined. Further two types of crystalline silica particles for industrial use were employed as comparative controls. The cellular effects produced by spherical silica particles for cosmetic use were minor. However, some cellular effects were observed in cells exposed to silica particles. Crystalline silica and SUN resulted in some distinct cellular effects, as evidenced by enhanced production of the cytokines IL-8 and IL-6. These results indicated that these silica particles exhibit a potential proinflammatory effect. IL-8 is a chemokine that acts as a chemotactic protein for neutrophils. IL-6, which is also a proinflammatory cytokine, exerts a chemotactic effect on macrophages. Thus, an increase in these chemokines might lead to accumulation of inflammation-related immunocytes.
A bilayer scaffold prepared from collagen and carboxymethyl cellulose for skin tissue engineering applications
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2018
Cemile Kilic Bektas, Ilgin Kimiz, Aylin Sendemir, Vasif Hasirci, Nesrin Hasirci
Human interleukin-8 (IL-8) is an alpha subfamily member of the chemokines (C-X-C) promoting phagocytosis and angiogenesis expressed at the first stages of the inflammations by monocytes, macrophages, T-cells, neutrophils and fibroblasts [60]. Keratinocytes increase secretion of IL-8 during wound healing [61], while fibroblasts secrete 100–1000 times more IL-8 compared to keratinocytes [62]. Many studies pointed out that IL-8 is one of the most important regulators in the skin during wound healing, epithelial regeneration and angiogenesis [63,64]. The results of the present study showed that IL-8 expression of the cells on BLColl increased continuously and reached 1300 pg/mL on Day 7, while on BLCollCS scaffolds IL-8 expression showed a peak on day 4, followed by a decrease (Figure 7). Similar to bFGF expression, increased growth rate of keratinocytes and confluency on whole surface on Day 4 may cause a decrease in IL-8 expression in the following days of culture.
Pro-inflammatory responses induced by A. fumigatus and A. versicolor in various human macrophage models
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2019
Elisabeth Øya, Anita Solhaug, Anette K. Bølling, Reidun Øvstebø, Tonje B. Steensen, Anani K.J. Afanou, Jørn A. Holme
The aim of the present study was to examine a broad range of markers following exposure to our well-characterized preparations of spores and hyphal fragments of species that are present in damp indoor environments (Øya et al. 2018). The markers include interleukin-1β (IL-1β), which is released at the site of infection and coordinates inflammatory responses including the recruitment of other immune cells (Lee and Lawrence 2018). Although being protective against infections (Sahoo et al. 2011), IL-1β responses are also known to be harmful when produced chronically or in excess (De Nardo, De Nardo, and Latz 2014). Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, another early inflammatory marker and important regulator of cytokines/chemokines, seems to be a key mediator involved in the pro-inflammatory response to mold (Lee and Lawrence 2018). Further, excess amounts of TNF-α are known to play pathological roles in asthma (Arango Duque and Descoteaux 2014; Balloy and Chignard 2009). IL-6 activates the immune system and exerts multiple effects on various cell types including synthesis of acute phase proteins, increased antibody production in B-cells and proliferation of T-cells. The chemokine IL-8 or CXCL8 is an important chemo-attractant for neutrophils, which participate in the first line of cellular defense in acute inflammation. IL-8 enhances the phagocytosis of mold by attracting other leukocytes, such as macrophages (Turner et al. 2014). The anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 is secreted by immune cells to counteract damage attributed to excessive inflammation (Saraiva and O’Garra 2010), while IL-12 is important for regulating Th1 cell responses and plays a role during anti-mold immunity (Thompson and Orr 2018).