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The Human Immune System Seen from a Biomedical Engineering Viewpoint
Published in Robert B. Northrop, Endogenous and Exogenous Regulation and Control of Physiological Systems, 2020
IL7 is also known as T-cell growth factor. It is a glycoprotein with a molecular weight of about 25 kDa. It is made by cells in the bone marrow and by thymus stromal cells. IL7 stimulates the development of pre-B- and T-cells and early thymocytes.
Serum myokine levels after linear and flexible non-linear periodized resistance training in overweight sedentary women
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2022
Nikseresht Mahmoud, Hafezi Ahmadi Mohammadreza, Taheri Kalani Abdolhosein, Nikseresht Mehdi, Shawn M. Arent
The levels of some myokines in the skeletal muscle are sharply elevated during exercise, and circulating levels of these peptides are also regulated by exercise. Interleukin (IL)--15, as a myokine, has an important role in lipid metabolism as well as anabolic effects on skeletal muscle (Nielsen & Pedersen, 2007). This myokine is the major factor in crosstalk between muscle-adipose tissues (Pedersen, 2011). In addition, IL-15 has been found to be positively associated with muscle metabolism and insulin sensitivity (Quinn, Anderson, Conner, & Wolden-Hanson, 2013). A significant increase was also noted in IL-15 after 24 weeks of combined (resistance and aerobic) training in obese middle-aged men (Brunelli et al., 2015). However, no significant change was detected for IL-15 in older women after 12 weeks of RT (Urzi, Marusic, Licen, & Buzan, 2019). Furthermore, IL-15 was significantly lower in both obese and lean participants who perform physical activity regularly (≥180 min/week during the last year) than in sedentary obese and lean (Perez-Lopez et al., 2018). IL-7 is another myokine that is secreted by skeletal muscle as a key regulator of B- and T-cells differentiation (Ceredig & Rolink, 2012; Haugen et al., 2010). IL-7 expression was impacted by RT, with a three- to fourfold increase in its mRNA levels in muscle biopsies of mice who underwent an 11 weeks RT (Haugen et al., 2010). To our knowledge, only one study has investigated the impact of exercise training on IL-7 in human subjects and indicated that three months of RT increased this myokine in healthy men (Kraemer et al., 2014).
Evaluating the cytotoxicity of tin dioxide nanofibers
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2018
Ashley S. Reynolds, Tanya H. Pierre, Rebecca McCall, Ji Wu, Worlanyo E. Gato
To further examine the effects of SnDNFs on A549 cells, the expression of key inflammatory genes were quantified. There has not been much research on the gene expression in A549 cells exposed to SnDNFs. After completing PCR, it appears that both inflammatory genes and apoptotic genes were expressed. The genes for IL-7, IL-21 and TNFα were over-expressed in cells that were treated with SnDNF. IL-7 (interleukin 7), is a cytokine involved in B-cell and T-cell formation. IL-7 can play a role in lymphoid cell survival and could have effects on cancer.[15] IL-7 also has anti-tumor effects leading to the potential of decreasing cancer cell development. Therefore, an overexpression of this gene could show a decrease in cancer cell growth.[15] Similarly, IL-21 is a cytokine involved in immune response. This protein also plays a role in antitumor T-cell immunity.[16] Overexpression of IL-21 would exhibit increased formation of T-cells that provide protection from cancerous cells. TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor, is a proinflammatory cytokine involved in cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. The overexpression of TNF- α could imply cells are undergoing increased inflammation, or increased apoptosis.[17]