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Analytics and virus production processes
Published in Amine Kamen, Laura Cervera, Bioprocessing of Viral Vaccines, 2023
Nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), developed by NanoSight Ltd., is based on a laser-illuminated microscope technique. The technique relies on the detection of the Brownian motion of nanoparticles in liquid which are visualized through an intense illumination by a laser beam passing through an optical prism. NTA was already successfully used for quantification of vaccinia virus, rabies, adenovirus, phage, vesicular stomatitis virus G (VSV-G), human cytomegalovirus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and HIV [18,28,29]. An important limitation of the technique is the viral particle range necessary for the analysis, between 107 and 109 particles per mL. The dilution steps needed to reach such a narrow quantification range can result in long sample preparation. It has recently been applied to sizing and quantifying RSV preparation by coupling the detection principle with a fluorescent aptamer [28].
Viral Noncoding RNAs in Modulating Cellular Defense and Their Potential for RNA Nanotechnology
Published in Peixuan Guo, Kirill A. Afonin, RNA Nanotechnology and Therapeutics, 2022
Martin Panigaj, Marina A. Dobrovolskaia, Kirill A. Afonin
A sophisticated approach to sustain energy for virus replication and prevention of apoptosis during the infection is used by Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV). At early stages of lytic phase of infection, HCMV transcribe 2.7 kb long β2.7 lncRNA that physically interacts with a subunit of mitochondrial multimeric enzyme Complex I- the genes associated with retinoid/interferon–induced mortality (GRIM-19). The complex I is a part of the mitochondrial respiratory chain that facilitates electron transport coupled with a proton gradient across the mitochondrial inner membrane to drive adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production. Interaction of β2.7 lncRNA with GRIM-19 prevents its relocation in response to apoptotic stimuli. The stabilized mitochondrial membrane potential then ensures steady production of ATP [45].
Terpenoids Against Infectious Diseases
Published in Dijendra Nath Roy, Terpenoids Against Human Diseases, 2019
Sanhita Ghosh, Kamalika Roy, Chiranjib Pal
A monoterpenoid phenol carvacrol (Table 8.1) was found to reduce Murine Norovirus (MNV) infectivity by ~3.87-log10 after only 1 h of exposure. The lack of a viral envelope makes this family of Caliciviridae resistant to most antimicrobial agents; however, exposure to carvacrol for 24 h produced a tremendous degradation in viral capsids as evaluated by transmission electron microscopy (Gilling et al. 2014). Eugenol, another monoterpenoid phenol, was found to inhibit Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV), Murine CMV (MCMV) and Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) (≥90% inhibition at 100 μg/mL). Eugenol also inhibited influenza type A virus (IAV) replication by inhibiting the activation of the host’s extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and IκB kinase/nuclear factor kappa B (IKK/NF-κB) signalling pathways and thereby antagonizing their activators (Charan Raja et al. 2015).
Impacts of the prostate stem cell antigen (PSCA) and Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (CPE) on the apoptosis and cell cycle regulatory genes in PC3
Published in Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology, 2020
Saied Abedi, Abbas Doosti, Mohammad-Saied Jami
pBudCE4.1 plasmid with two inserted genes (cpe and PSCA) and the empty plasmid were prepared from Generay Biotechnology (Dongjing town Songjiang, Shanghai China). The pBudCE4.1 is a 4.6 kb vector with two eukaryotic promotors that let expresses these two genes in mammalian cells. The 386 bp PSCA gene was cloned at NotI/XhoI sites and the 972 bp cpe gene was cloned at XbaI/BamHI sites. Constructed 5.9 kb vector is hereafter referred to as pBudCE4.1-CPE-PSCA. The accuracy of constructed plasmid was confirmed by the company using DNA sequencing and BamH1/XbaI enzymatic digestion. The vector contains the human cytomegalovirus (CMV) immediate-early promoter and the human elongation factor 1α-subunit (EF-1α) promoter for high-level, constitutive and independent expression of two recombinant proteins. The plasmid also contains a zeocin resistance gene for selection of transformed E. coli and mammalian cells.
Mathematical and statistical model misspecifications in modelling immune response in renal transplant recipients
Published in Inverse Problems in Science and Engineering, 2018
H. T. Banks, R. A. Everett, Shuhua Hu, Neha Murad, H. T. Tran
Kidney rejection is one of the most common causes for renal graft failures (64%), followed by infections such as polyomavirus-associated nephropathy (PVAN) (7%) [4]. In order to prevent the body from rejecting the transplant, patients are generally required to take immunosuppressants for their remaining life. However this usually leaves the patient susceptible to various bacterial and viral pathogens and can even reactivate latent viruses pre-existing in the recipient and/or donor’s organ. Common viruses that impact transplant recipients include human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), Epstein–Barr virus, human herpes virus (HHV)-6, HHV-7 and human polyomavirus 1 (BK virus) [5]. Thus for a renal transplant to be successful, a crucial but fragile balance needs to be struck between over-suppression and under-suppression of the immune system. While the former can weaken the body’s immune response making it susceptible to infections, the latter can cause the immune response to fight the renal graft leading to kidney rejection.
Preparation of 2-Arylbenzimidazole derivatives using CuO nanoparticles /H2O2 system
Published in Inorganic and Nano-Metal Chemistry, 2018
Abbas Fazlinia, Setareh Sheikh
Among the heterocyclic compounds, which can overcome the viruses and bacteria disease, benzimidazole derivatives have attracted more attention for many chemistries and pharmacy professionals, because of their significant activities against several viruses such as HIV, herpes (HSV-1), antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, RNA, human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), influenza and potential antitumour.[1,2] Moreover, these structures have interesting possibilities due to their potent anti-ulcer, antihypertensive, antiviral, anti-fungal, anti-cancer and anti-histaminic activity.[1,2] On the other hands, benzimidazole derivatives are commonly used as intermediates in synthetic courses as well as a ligand in asymmetric catalysis.[3] Due to the widespread use of benzimidazoles, easy and cost-effective development of new methods based on the synthesis of these compounds is in demands.