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Automatic Segmentation of Cardiac Substructures for Radiation Oncology Applications
Published in Ayman El-Baz, Jasjit S. Suri, Cardiovascular Imaging and Image Analysis, 2018
Jinzhong Yang, Rongrong Zhou, Yangkun Luo, Zhongxing Liao
The risk of radiation-related cardiac toxicity is an important issue in radiotherapy for breast cancer, Hodgkin lymphoma, and lung cancer, among others. However, little has been reported on the relationship between cardiac toxicity and radiation dose-volumes for the heart, and even less for the specific cardiac substructures. This probably reflects the inability to delineate those structures efficiently on treatment planning images. In addition, substantial variability in heart contouring has been reported in NSCLC [10] and could affect the validity of dosimetric analyses of cardiac toxicity. In this study we developed a set of cardiac atlases to be used with multi-atlas segmentation for auto-contouring cardiac substructures. We showed that manual contouring has high inter-observer variability, and variability in automatic segmentation was at least comparable to inter-observer variability in manual delineation of cardiac substructures. We have demonstrated that accurate and consistent contours can be automatically delineated for cardiac substructures except for coronary arteries. In addition, we further evaluated the dosimetric implications of automatic segmentation and found that modification of the auto-segmented contours had little effect on the dose-volume response, which suggests that using automatic segmentation may be feasible for dose-volume response studies.
Pesticides and Chronic Diseases
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 4, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
Different types of neoplasm have been reported such as breast cancer, testicular cancer, pancreatic cancer, esophageal cancer, stomach cancer, skin cancer, and non-Hodgkin lymphoma.742–744 Van Maele-Fabry et al.745–747 pointed out exposure to pesticides as a possible risk factor for prostate cancer and leukemia by a meta-analysis of risk estimates in pesticide manufacturing workers. In a series of agricultural health studies, Lee et al.748–750 found an association between exposure to pesticides and cancer incidence, particularly lymphohematopoietic cancers for alachlor, lung cancer for chlorpyrifos, and colorectal cancer for aldicarb. Nowadays, chronic low-dose exposure to pesticides is considered as one of the important risk factors for cancer expansion. According to a new list of Chemicals Evaluated for Carcinogenic Potential by EPA's Pesticide Program published in 2010, more than 70 pesticides have been classified as a probable or possible carcinogen.
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Published in Jamie Bartram, Rachel Baum, Peter A. Coclanis, David M. Gute, David Kay, Stéphanie McFadyen, Katherine Pond, William Robertson, Michael J. Rouse, Routledge Handbook of Water and Health, 2015
Timothy R. Julian, Kellogg J. Schwab
Pesticides are chemicals intentionally applied in agricultural practice to control plants, animals, and/or microorganisms whose presence reduces productivity. Like the health effects caused by heavy metals, health effects from pesticides vary by the specific pesticide class and the exposure level. Here, we classify exposure as acute or chronic. Exposures can be due to one or more of the following: intentional ingestion; inadequate worker protection during production, application, and/or disposal of pesticides; ingestion of contaminated crops; ingestion of contaminated drinking water; and interaction with contaminated environments. Acute exposures, like those occurring due to inadequate worker protection, can lead to eye and skin irritation, headaches, dizziness, vomiting, delirium, seizures, and death (Thundiyil et al., 2008). Chronic exposures, like those occurring due to long-term ingestion of contaminated food, are linked to increased risk of cancers (e.g., non-Hodgkin lymphoma and leukemia), neurological conditions (e.g., Parkinson’s disease), and impacts on fertility and fetal development (Ascherio et al., 2006; Sanborn et al., 2007; Bassil et al., 2007). Although there are over 24 pesticide classes, including fungicides, fumigants, herbicides, insecticides, insect repellants, and rodenticides (Thundiyil et al., 2008), many are restricted or banned due to adverse human or environmental health effects. Notably, some regions have limited capacity to enforce bans resulting in continued use of unsafe pesticides (Thuy et al., 2012).
Assessment of knowledge and practice of pistachio farmers in terms of pistachio pesticide safety
Published in Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 2021
Batol Masruri, Tahereh Dehdari, Parveneh Yekzamani, Nargess Moghadasi, Azadeh Ashtarinezhad
Occupational exposure to pesticides can occur directly in the production process, during the mixing and use of pesticides, or indirectly during reentry operations in pesticide-treated products or at-home exposure. Exposure to pesticides can occur through the skin (absorption of the skin), the respiratory system (inhalation), or the mouth (swallowing) and may lead to a variety of diseases and disorders (Goldner et al. 2010; Damalas and Eleftherohorinos 2011; Negatu et al. 2016). It may reduce the activity of acetylcholinesterase and butylated cholinesterase causing dizziness and headache (Weisskopf et al. 2013). It also may increase the risk of developing or spreading Hodgkin’s lymphoma syndrome (Navaranjan et al. 2013). Pesticides can also cause chronic diseases such as reproductive disorders, different type of cancers, congenital defects, as well as immune and endocrine system disorders (Karunamoorthi et al. 2012; Negatu et al. 2016). Intentional and unintentional poisoning with pesticides has been recognized as a serious problem in many agricultural societies in low- and middle-income countries (World Health Organization, 2006). Acute poisonings with pesticides are also more frequent in developing countries due to greater use and availability of pesticides as compared to developed countries (Winder and Stacey 2004).