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Designing for Upper Torso and Arm Anatomy
Published in Karen L. LaBat, Karen S. Ryan, Human Body, 2019
Elbow joint motion includes flexion/extension and supination/pronation (Figure 4.22). If the elbow joint extends beyond 180 degrees, it is said to hyperextend. The humeroulnar and humeroradial joints act together as a hinge joint to provide flexion/extension motion. Product fit from shoulder to wrist will be affected by the degree of flexion/extension needed at the elbow, and how the arm is positioned relative to the torso. Determine how the wearer will hold the arm(s) at a point in time or the variation through time while wearing the product. Then shape the product accordingly.
Biology of Joints
Published in Verna Wright, Eric L. Radin, Mechanics of Human Joints, 2020
The stability of the ankle and humeroulnar joints do not depend solely on their shape. Like other “hinge” joints, these articulations are reinforced on both sides by strong collateral ligaments. These dense bands of collagenous tissue are fixed-length stays between adjacent bones that permit free flexion and extension while preventing significant motion in other axes. In other locations, such as the front of the hip, the back of the knee, and the flexor aspects of interphalangeal joints, broad, strong expansions of the articular capsule serve as ligamentous checks to prevent hyperextension.
A wearable 3D printed elbow exoskeleton to improve upper limb rehabilitation in stroke patients
Published in Artde D.K.T. Lam, Stephen D. Prior, Siu-Tsen Shen, Sheng-Joue Young, Liang-Wen Ji, Smart Science, Design & Technology, 2019
Weite Tsai, Yusheng Yang, Chien-Hsu Chen
Machine-assisted arms are expensive and unaffordable for the average person. They are currently only used in large-scale teaching hospitals and are limited in number. Only a small number of patients receive such ma-chine-assisted treatment at specific times. Recent studies have indicated that home-based machine-assisted treatment is viable if a significant difference is found compared to standard treatment [5]. Allowing patients to carry out rehabilitation activities anytime and anywhere in the home increases treatment intensity, and may improve the treatment effect and their motivation. Accordingly, a wearable machine-assisted exoskeleton arm has more therapeutic significance and potential than current machine-assisted arms; so many research teams have invested significant resources to develop such wearable devices. A review of publications reporting wearable exoskeleton robots identified broadly two types, defined as those in which (1) both the support skeleton and the power-drive system are placed on the outer side of the upper arm [11] (Figure 2, left panel) or (2) the support skeleton and power-drive system are placed on both sides of the upper arm [16] (Figure 2, right panel). Both designs have the disadvantage of using a single shaft to set the axis of motion of the elbow joint. According to Perry et al., the concept of exoskeleton design is defined as “an external support mechanism with joint functions and conforms to the corresponding human movements” [17]. Therefore, in terms of the elbow anatomy, an exoskeleton consists of the distal humerus and the proximal humerus and ulna, including the ulnar, ankle, and proximal joints, which are posterior and can be flexed. Stretching exercises also contribute to the pronation and supination of the forearm. The distal humerus and proximal ulna form the ulnar hinge joint, the main part of the elbow [1]. However, human arthrokinematics are not simply comprised of a single action; the elbow joint includes rolling, gliding, and spinning motions [15]. When the elbow is bent and stretched, the axis of rotation in the elbow joint changes with the angle of the limb. Therefore, the simplified single hinge joint design cannot be adapted to fit the human elbow joint movement pattern. These exoskeleton robotic arms need to be redesigned to incorporate a polycentric hinge joint (Figure 3), enabling an exoskeleton pivot hub that is more consistent with the normal elbow joint trajectory.
A novel synergistic device for joint inflammation – efficacy on ankle sprain cases
Published in Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology, 2022
The ankle contains three joints (a) – talo-crural is a synovial hinge joint, (b) – inferior tibio-fibular a syndesmosis and (c) – subtalar joint; they all are formed by the tibia, fibula and talus/calcaneus. Both tibia and fibula have raised bony edges at lower end – called malleoli which give ankle its characteristic diamond shape. The soft tissue structures tendons, ligaments, etc. are in the recesses (space) between these malleoli, and this gives the potential space for collection of fluid as well during an injury. (15th Ed – Cunnigham’s Vol-1, Romanes) [11]. Deep Fascia of the leg and foot is very strong, and it is attached to the borders at the malleoli, at ankle it forms retinacula – the thick bands which hold the tendons. First aim after ankle sprain or any surgery around ankle is to reduce swelling. Compression garments and other devices which cover the ankle completely may give substantial amount of compression to the bony prominences – the malleoli; whereas if we leave the bony prominence and compress only the soft tissue recesses, the retinacula and the tendons movement is regained faster and thus, the effectiveness of edoema reduction around malleoli can be increased.
The ulnar collateral ligament loading paradox between in-vitro and in-vivo studies on baseball pitching (narrative review)
Published in International Biomechanics, 2021
Bart Van Trigt, Liset (W) Vliegen, Ton (Ajr) Leenen, DirkJan (Hej) Veeger
The elbow is usually described as a hinge joint, allowing flexion-extension. This hinge-like behaviour is because rotations in other directions, such as varus-valgus, are resisted by structures around the joint, with the joint shape, joint ligaments and joint-crossing muscles as the most important factors (Buffi et al. 2015).