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Shoulder problems
Published in Richard Graveling, Ergonomics and Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) in the Workplace, 2018
The supraspinatus muscle runs from the supraspinatus fossa of the scapula (shoulder blade), across the shoulder joint, and attaches to the greater tubercle of the humerus (the bone of the upper arm). It passes over the head of the humerus and underneath the acromial arch of the scapula, a route that makes it particularly susceptible to impingement between these bones. It contributes to abduction of the humerus (moving it sideways, away from the body) and stabilisation of the shoulder joint.
Body Systems: The Basics
Published in Karen L. LaBat, Karen S. Ryan, Human Body, 2019
The shoulder and hip are ball-and-socket joints. The superior end of the upper arm bone (humerus) is a smooth hemispherical round head (ball) which fits into the saucer-like socket of the shoulder blade (scapula). Likewise, the ball of the thigh bone (femur) fits in the cup-like socket of the pelvis. These joints move in all directions as well as rotate; the shoulder more than the hip.
Clinical potential of implantable wireless sensors for orthopedic treatments
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2018
Salil Sidharthan Karipott, Bradley D. Nelson, Robert E. Guldberg, Keat Ghee Ong
About 5% of all bone fractures occur in the humerus near the shoulder joints [79]. Humeral head replacement surgery [80], commonly used to replace the fractured humeral head with a prosthetic, has been found to significantly reduce pain especially for acute fractures [81]. In order to design prosthetic humeral heads, it is necessary to know the forces acting on the shoulder joint. However, the forces involved in the shoulder are not well characterized, and many mathematical models provide different estimates [82]. To better characterize the forces, a shoulder sensor was developed to measure the force at the glenohumeral joint as well as the moment of the humerus [83]. The sensor, embedded in a humeral head replacement, contained six stain gauges connected to a telemetry platform developed in the same lab [84]. An inductive coil inside the humeral implant received power wirelessly from an external device. This power was then rectified and used to supply a 9-channel integrated circuit. Six strain gauges along with a resistor were connected, and the resulting data were transmitted using radio-frequency (RF) communication back to the external device and then into a computer. This system has been used to demonstrate its ability to measure shoulder contact forces during many everyday activities [85]. However, the sensor system has several limitations. The applicability of data obtained by this sensor to mathematical models of shoulder biomechanics is limited because the sensor was implanted in a prosthetic humeral head, which is significantly different from an unmodified humerus. At the same time, the telemetry system required a very large inductive coil in close proximity to the device during operation to power the circuit.