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Separating Professional from Lay Ethics
Published in Howard Winet, Ethics for Bioengineering Scientists, 2021
Often, there are alternative ways of solving the problem available. A person with shoulder pain may be helped by exercise, cortisone injection, or rotator cuff surgery to ease the pain. A professional is familiar with or knows how to research alternative approaches to the problem. Some alternatives solve the client’s problem better than others. The patient may find that shoulder exercises takes more time and energy than does a cortisone injection, but has fewer pharmacological side effects. Usually, benefits and harm of each alternative treatment must be considered. Because the professional has expert knowledge, she has some basis for offering the lay person client some advice about these alternatives, too. In any case, the professional owes her client comprehensive consideration of alternative responses to the client’s need.
Musculoskeletal system
Published in A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha, Clark’s Procedures in Diagnostic Imaging: A System-Based Approach, 2020
A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha
The shoulder joint is a synovial ball-and-socket joint formed between the head of the humerus and the glenoid cavity of the scapula (Fig. 3.18a). The glenoid cavity is shallow, which makes the joint unstable. It has a wide range of movements and relies on muscle support for stability. The joint capsule is lax to permit the wide range of movements available at the joint. It attaches close to the margin of the head of humerus, except inferiorly where it attaches 2–3 cm distally. The capsule is strengthened by four muscles, subscapularis, supraspinatus, infraspinatus and teres minor, which are known collectively as the rotator cuff. Subscapularis originates on the anterior aspect of the scapula and inserts into the lesser tuberosity of the humerus. Supraspinatus originates from the supraspinous fossa of the scapula and inserts into the superior aspect of the greater tuberosity of the humerus. Infraspinatus originates from the infraspinous fossa on the scapula and inserts into the middle portion of the greater tuberosity. Teres minor originates from the upper two-thirds of the axillary border of the scapula (posterior surface) and inserts into the inferior aspect of the greater tuberosity.
Repetitive TasksRisk Assessment and Task Design
Published in R. S. Bridger, Introduction to Human Factors and Ergonomics, 2017
The shoulder joint is a kind of ball and socket joint but the ball part, the head of the humerus or upper arm bone, represents only a third of the surface of a sphere when it engages the socket. The socket (the glenoid cavity of the scapula, or shoulder blade) is correspondingly shallow. The head of the humerus has to be held in place by tonic muscle activity. This explains why the shoulder joint is so easily dislocated. This can be contrasted with the much more stable hip joint where over 50% of the femoral head is enclosed by the acetabulum.
Accuracy and reliability of a method for measuring three-dimensional articular motions of the shoulder complex during swimming
Published in Sports Biomechanics, 2022
The shoulder joint connects the arm and torso. It is a complex structure consisting of the humerus, scapula, and clavicle, which are joined by the glenohumeral, acromioclavicular, and sternoclavicular joints. The motion of the glenohumeral joint and the ratio of glenohumeral motion to scapulothoracic motion during movement of the arm are frequently described in studies of the mechanism of injury and when evaluating performance in overhead sports (Kibler, 1998; Konda, Yanai, & Sakurai, 2015; Myers, Laudner, Pasquale, Bradley, & Lephart, 2005). There have been few studies on the three-dimensional motion of the glenohumeral joint and scapulothoracic articulation in swimming or other aquatic sports. The main reason may be the technical difficulties involved. Optical camera systems are often used to measure the kinematics of various body segments during swimming (Ceseracciu et al., 2011; Monnet, Samson, Bernard, David, & Lacouture, 2014; Yanai & Hay, 2000). However, it is difficult to investigate the movements of the glenohumeral joint and scapulothoracic articulation using these methods because the scapula slides freely underneath the skin surface and is hard to observe with optical systems.
Acromiohumeral distance quantification during a variety of shoulder external and internal rotational exercises in recreationally overhead athletes
Published in Research in Sports Medicine, 2022
Leyla Eraslan, Ann Cools, Ozan Yar, Selcuk Akkaya, Irem Duzgun
Shoulder problems are common among overhead athletes, and rotator cuff pathology is thought to be a principal cause of shoulder pain (Niederbracht et al., 2008; Sakata et al., 2019). The shoulder complex is highly loaded during practice and competition among overhead athletes due to repetitive high-demand throwing activities (Sakata et al., 2019). The nature of overhead sports demands a dynamic shoulder stabilization provided by the rotator cuff and scapular muscles (Bdaiwi et al., 2015; Niederbracht et al., 2008). Scapular upward rotation and posterior tilt are essential for elevating the acromion, thereby maintaining the subacromial space (Atalar et al., 2009; Bdaiwi et al., 2015). Decreased serratus anterior activity and the lack of coordination between the different parts of the trapezius may adversely affect the scapular orientation and decrease the subacromial space (Bdaiwi et al., 2015). The role of the rotator cuff muscles during shoulder elevation is to limit the superior migration of the humeral head and, therefore, increase the subacromial space (Leong et al., 2016; Mayerhoefer et al., 2009; Michener et al., 2003). Decreased infraspinatus and subscapularis activity, as well as inadequate coactivation of rotator cuff against the deltoid, is reported to be associated with superior humeral head translation, which leads to subacromial space narrowing (Myers et al., 2009; Neer, 2005; Reddy et al., 2000).
Yi Jin Bang exercise versus usual exercise therapy to treat subacromial pain syndrome: a pilot randomised controlled trial
Published in Research in Sports Medicine, 2022
Stanley Sai-Chuen Hui, Jinde Liu, Yi-Jian Yang, James Ho-Pong Wan, Bonhomme Kwai-Ping Suen
Shoulder pain is the third most frequent type of musculoskeletal pain in primary pain after back and neck pain (Steuri et al., 2017). The most common cause of shoulder pain is subacromial pain syndrome (SAPS), accounting for 36% of shoulder disorders (Juel & Natvig, 2014). The primary treatment goals for patients with SAPS are decreased pain-related impairments and improved shoulder function (Steuri et al., 2017). Exercise therapy has been proposed as an effective intervention to achieve these goals (Abdulla et al., 2015; Haik et al., 2016; Kuhn, 2009; Steuri et al., 2017). A review suggested that exercise therapy aimed at restoring flexibility, strength and muscle balance of the rotator cuff and scapular muscles is the best conservative therapy for SAPS for all treatment stages (Haik et al., 2016).