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Organoid Technology for Basic Science and Biomedical Research
Published in Hyun Jung Kim, Biomimetic Microengineering, 2020
Szu-Hsien (Sam) Wu, Jihoon Kim, Bon-Kyoung Koo
During development, the definitive endoderm gives rise to the gut tube, which can be subdivided into foregut, midgut, and hindgut. In later development, the foregut gives rise to the oral cavity, pharynx, respiratory tract, stomach, pancreas, and liver, whereas the midgut gives rise to the small intestine and ascending colon, whilst the hindgut generates the bulk of the colon (large intestine) and rectum. Therefore, attempting to derive particular part(s) of the gastrointestinal tract from PSCs requires knowledge of the factors involved in gut tube specification during development, including factors driving: (1) differentiation of PSCs towards definitive endoderm; (2) specification into distinct regions of gut tube; (3) patterning within regions of the gut tube; and (4) expansion of epithelia with differentiated cell types (Wells and Spence 2014).
Systematics, Distribution, Diversity, and Abundance of Herbivorous Fishes
Published in Karol Opuszynski, Jerome V. Shireman, HERBIVOROUS FISHES: Culture and Use for Weed Management, 2019
Karol Opuszynski, Jerome V. Shireman
To date, the hindgut fermentation chamber has been found only in two herbivores, Kyphosus cornelii and K. sydneyanus, of the family Kyphosidae. These fishes, which are abundant in the temperate and subtropical coastal reef waters of Australia, possess unique digestive tracts and digestive capabilities.61 Both species have a relatively long and coiled intestine, being 3.3 to 5.8 times the body length in K. cornelii and 3.4 to 5.3 times the body length in K. sydneyanus. The digestive tract consists of the esophagus, stomach, pyloric ceca (located at the junction of the stomach and intestine), and a thin-walled cecum-like chamber located at the hindgut and rectum. The hindgut cecum is separated by valves from the intestine and the rectum. No structure comparable to the hindgut cecal chamber has been described for any other fishes. This chamber, when distended, could contain approximately 1.5 to 2 times the stomach volume.
Use of biochar as feed supplements for animal farming
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2021
Ka Yan Man, Ka Lai Chow, Yu Bon Man, Wing Yin Mo, Ming Hung Wong
Methane from the rumen is mainly disposed of by eructation via the gut, and a small proportion is absorbed into the blood and expired through the lungs (Danielsson et al., 2017; Deusch et al., 2017). Most enteric methane is absorbed or excreted via the lungs, but some is emitted through the anus (Hook, Wright, & McBride, 2010). Enteric methane originating in the rumen and hindgut fermentation can account for 6–14% of daily methane production (Moss, Jouany, & Newbold, 2000; Martin, Morgavi, & Doreau, 2010).