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Application of Nanoparticles in Biomedical Imaging
Published in Khalid Rehman Hakeem, Majid Kamli, Jamal S. M. Sabir, Hesham F. Alharby, Diverse Applications of Nanotechnology in the Biological Sciences, 2022
The larger intestinal caliber in humans consists of the ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, and sigmoid colon, while the first part of the ascending colon is the cecum. The colon is mainly the “recipient” organ in inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn’s disease, and ulcerative enteritis. Drugs can be loaded into NPs before commencing the nanoimaging procedure. Micromolecules such as siRNA (Laroni et al., 2011), tripeptides, or proteins (Theiss et al., 2011) (in antibody or hormonal form) may be shelled in a saturated way inside an NP. The concurrent formation, extraction, and loading with anti-inflammatory elements were immediately followed by delivery to the colon. A recovery method was invented to target NPs to regions of the alimentary canal tract, using a soluble hydrogel bound through electrostatic interactions between negative polysaccharides and +ive ions. The static dual cross-link of alginate and chitosan regulated by SO42− and Ca2+ in addition to rat GIT via double gavage formed gel agents. Drugs coupled with NPs are designed to withstand the “hostile” environmental pH and physiologic of the bowel mucosa. The combination of nanostructures and hydrogels (biomaterials) enabled dose reduction and progressive load and bulk addition to the large intestine, where the drug reduces inflammation (Laroui et al., 2012).
Reference Individuals Defined for External and Internal Radiation Dosimetry
Published in Shaheen A. Dewji, Nolan E. Hertel, Advanced Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 2019
Table 5.6 reports reference values of the lengths of the alimentary tract organs. These values reported in ICRP Publication 89 were later adopted within ICRP Publication 100 defining the new ICRP Human Alimentary Tract Model (HATM) (ICRP 2006). In previous ICRP publications, the large intestine was subdivided into four sections—ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, and sigmoid colon. In both Publications 89 and 100, these divisions were revised, primarily to better conform with data on material transit times, into the right colon (ascending and half of the transverse colon), left colon (other half of the transverse colon and descending colon), and rectosigmoid colon (sigmoid colon with the inclusion of the rectum). In earlier stylized models of the ICRP Reference Individuals, crude geometric models of the colon were constructed which did not fully conform to these reported reference lengths. More importantly, no attempt was made in the era of stylized phantoms to model the small intestines, where in lieu of an anatomically realistic model, a simplistic tissue-filled cuboid was placed to represent both small intestine wall and lumen contents. Newer models of human anatomy—both voxel and hybrid (as discussed later in Section 5.3)—make explicit use of these reference lengths in constructing anatomical 3D models of these reference individuals.
Designing for Lower Torso and Leg Anatomy
Published in Karen L. LaBat, Karen S. Ryan, Human Body, 2019
The ascending, transverse, and descending colon of the large intestine are shaped like an inverted “U.” In the anterior view of Figure 5.2, the ascending colon is on the L and the descending colon on the R. The transverse colon spans between these segments in the upper torso abdominal compartment. The vermiform appendix, commonly called the appendix, is a skinny sac-like structure pouching out to the side at the beginning of the ascending colon on the R side of the body. The appendix is perhaps best known for getting infected and requiring surgery to remove it.
Depth estimation from single-shot monocular endoscope image using image domain adaptation and edge-aware depth estimation
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering: Imaging & Visualization, 2022
Masahiro Oda, Hayato Itoh, Kiyohito Tanaka, Hirotsugu Takabatake, Masaki Mori, Hiroshi Natori, Kensaku Mori
Depth information is useful in automated location-identification. To evaluate the usefulness of our method for this identification, we used the estimated depth images in CNN-based anatomical location identification of real colonoscopic images. We made a location identification CNN, as shown in Figure 4. The CNN classified an input image into three classes: the ileocaecal area and ascending colon, the descending colon, and the rectum. We trained the CNN using two sets of images: a set of only real colonoscopic images and a set of combined images of real colonoscopic images and depth images. The combined images were made by combining the real colonoscopic images and depth images in the colour channel. We used 2131 real colonoscopic images that were not used in training either the domain adaptation translator or the depth estimation network. Depth images were generated from them using the four methods used in 3.1. 80% and 20% of the images were used for training and evaluation of the CNN, respectively. Separation of images into the training and evaluation sets were performed randomly. The CNN was trained in 50 epochs with a 50-minibatch size. We compared the classification accuracies of the CNN when trained using the two sets of images.
The aqueous extract of Ocimum gratissimum leaves ameliorates acetic acid-induced colitis via improving antioxidant status and hematological parameters in male Wistar rats
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2018
Kehinde P. Olamilosoye, Rufus O. Akomolafe, Olumide S. Akinsomisoye, Modinat A. Adefisayo, Quadri K. Alabi
Twenty male Wistar rats were divided into four groups as follows; Group 1 (control group) consisted of 5 rats, received distilled water for 21 days. Groups 2–4 consisted of 5 rats each. Group 2 received 2 ml of 6% acetic acid solution once intra-rectally for the induction of colitis. Groups 3 and 4 were pre-treated with the acetic acid solution to induced colitis and subsequently treated with 200 and 400 mg/kg/day (p.o) of AEOGL respectively for 20 days. Twenty-four hours after the end of the experiment, the animals were sacrificed under ketamine hydrochloride anesthetic (10 mg/kg/b.w via intramuscular route). The Blood samples from all the rats were drawn via cardiac puncture and collected into EDTA tubes for hematological analysis. The rectum and the descending colon of the rats were removed for antioxidant status, neutrophil infiltration status and histological study using hematoxylin and eosin stain.
The role of computed tomography data in the design of a robotic magnetically-guided endoscopic platform
Published in Advanced Robotics, 2018
Peisen Zhang, Jing Li, Yang Hao, Federico Bianchi, Gastone Ciuti, Tatsuo Arai, Qiang Huang, Paolo Dario
One of the major advantages of magnetically-guided capsule colonoscopy is that, unlike conventional colonoscopy, the colonoscope is not pushed from its distal side which can straighten the bends of the bowel walls [18]; rather, the proximal part of the colonoscope is guided along the intestinal lumen. In addition, magnetically-guided capsule colonoscopy is advantage in climbing out of folds of the large bowel because we can control the tip of capsule by EPM. The human large bowel is nearly 1.5-m long, with very complex structure and morphology [19]. The large bowel can be subdivided into five anatomical segments in order from the anus to the cecum: rectum, sigmoid colon, descending colon, transverse colon, and ascending colon [20]. The anus is the origin of the rectum, and the cecum is regarded as a part of the ascending colon for simplicity. Anatomically, the large-bowel segments are subdivided and localized as follows: the recto-sigmoid junction is located near the sacral promontory and is included in the sigmoid colon; the sigmoid-descending junction is located at the pelvic brim, and its distal-descending colon angles forward; and the descending-transverse and transverse-ascending junctions are located at the leftmost and rightmost cranial inflexion points of the colon, respectively [21].