Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Lactulose: A High Food Value-Added Compound and Its Industrial Application in Food
Published in Deepak Kumar Verma, Ami R. Patel, Sudhanshu Billoria, Geetanjali Kaushik, Maninder Kaur, Microbial Biotechnology in Food Processing and Health, 2023
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (Crohn’s, Ulcerative Colitis): It has been proved that bacteria and their endotoxins play a key role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. Some therapeutic drugs like lactulose can affect both bacterial growth and endotoxin formation, and therefore they can be used for treating this disease. Lactulose digestion in the colon generates organic acids with potential to drop fecal pH, thereby providing conditions to increase the activity of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium strains and to inhibit the growth of Bacteroides, coliforms, Shigella, and Salmonella (Liao et al., 1994). Additionally, it was indicated that bacterial transloca-tion and subsequent sepsis are mainly accompanied by obstructive jaundice, and lactulose administration could inhibit systemic endo-toxemia and in turn inflammatory response in obstructive jaundice (Koutelidakis et al., 2003). As well, lactulose fermentation in the colon produces a remarkable level of endogenous hydrogen as a potent antioxidant and protective agent for DSS-triggered colitis, thus lowering oxidative stress and boosting the disease symptoms in humans (Chen et al., 2011).
Major Histocompatibility Complex and Autoimmune Disease
Published in Richard K. Burt, Alberto M. Marmont, Stem Cell Therapy for Autoimmune Disease, 2019
Ursula Holzer, Gerald T. Nepom
For inflammatory bowel disease, such as Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, a genetic predisposition is strongly supposed.45 The genes in the HLA region are candidate genes contributing to susceptibility for these diseases as they encode functionally relevant gene products in the gut epithelium and they colocalize to a linkage region on chromosome 6.46,47 The association with HLA-DRB1*0103 and extensive ulcerative colitis has been widely replicated.46,48,49 For Crohn’s disease, an association with DR7, DRB3*0301 and DQ4 were found.49 Nevertheless, the contribution of HLA-DQ genes is less clear-cut in these diseases and the association of HLA-DR molecules in the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis may be threefold larger compared with Crohn’s disease.49 Non-HLA genes, such as NOD2 (a family of cytosolic proteins that regulate the host response to pathogens), are known to be contributory in this disease, as are environmental agents and bacterial gut flora, so the exact role for HLA genes in disease initiation or progression is not clear.
Colon Targeted Drug Delivery Systems
Published in Ambikanandan Misra, Aliasgar Shahiwala, In-Vitro and In-Vivo Tools in Drug Delivery Research for Optimum Clinical Outcomes, 2018
The delivery of drugs to a specific target organ has many advantages. A smaller dose is required, which inevitably results in reduced incidence of undesirable systemic adverse reactions. Moreover, the drug is maintained in its intact form as close to the target as possible and can be made available only when required (Kinget et al. 1998). The targeting of drugs to the colon is desirable for the topical treatment of diseases of the colon such as Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis, spastic colon, irritable bowel syndrome, and colorectal cancer. This approach has been found to provide safe and effective therapy with proven bioavailability enhancement.
The aqueous extract of Ocimum gratissimum leaves ameliorates acetic acid-induced colitis via improving antioxidant status and hematological parameters in male Wistar rats
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2018
Kehinde P. Olamilosoye, Rufus O. Akomolafe, Olumide S. Akinsomisoye, Modinat A. Adefisayo, Quadri K. Alabi
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease that affects the colonic mucosa and is clinically characterized by diarrhea, abdominal pain and hematochezia. The prevalence of inflammatory bowel diseases, including ulcerative colitis, is generally higher, with an estimated of 250 cases per 100,000 individuals in western countries but is becoming common in rest of the world due to the adoption of western lifestyle [1,2] . The etiology of inflammatory bowel diseases is still not fully understood but it is widely acknowledged that they result from complex interplay among genetic, environmental, microbial and immune factors [3]. Worsen and inappropriate mucosal immune response mediated by mucosal T cells triggers the release of several pro-inflammatory mediators, including reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, neutrophil infiltration and overproduction of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines [3]. All these factors can cause tissue damage and are thought to be critical events in the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis.
A new Cu(II)-based coordination polymer: protective activity against ulcerative colitis via regulating the level of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines
Published in Inorganic and Nano-Metal Chemistry, 2020
Wen-Xiao Chen, Liu Chen, Jie Sun, Ying Li
Ulcerative colitis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the colon. Only in the United States, there will be 9 to 12 cases in 100,000 persons affected by the ulcerative colitis every year.[1,2] And the annual incidence in less developed nations is much higher than that in USA.[3] Many studies suggest that intestinal local mucosal immune dysfunction or losing of normal immune function lead to the occurrence of ulcerative colitis (UC).[4] In recent years, the important role of cytokines in the development of UC has been recognized. It is believed that the imbalance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory factors promotes inflammation of the mucosa, and accelerates the occurrence of chronic inflammation.[5]