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Antiviral Drugs as Tools for Nanomedicine
Published in Devarajan Thangadurai, Saher Islam, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Viral and Antiviral Nanomaterials, 2022
Hepatitis B (HBV) and hepatitis C viruses (HBC), which are associated with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). HBV is a dsDNA virus of the hepadnaviridae family. It is estimated that approximately 350 million people worldwide are infected with HBV worldwide. Hepatitis B can lead to liver diseases, ranging from the acute hepatitis to chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) (Sarkar et al. 2015). HCV is a +ve stranded RNA virus belonging to the Flaviviridae family. Around 180 million people are infected with hepatitis C virus worldwide (Goto et al. 2020). Liver cancer is the 6th most common cancer worldwide; it is the 2nd most common cause of cancer deaths. It is not realised that chronic hepatitis B is the primary global risk factor for developing liver cancer. Hepatitis B viruses cause hepatitis, which translates to “inflammation of liver.” The virus attacks the liver and weakens its detoxifying performance and ability to maintain the level of sugar in the blood. Chronic (long-term) infection with hepatitis B or hepatitis C viruses can lead to liver cancer. Worldwide, hepatitis B is much more widespread than hepatitis C, making it a priority when it comes to the prevention of liver cancer. Approximately 292 million people around the world are living with hepatitis B infection (Chang 2011).
Law and strategies
Published in Rachel Kim, Economics and Management in the Biopharmaceutical Industry in the USA, 2018
In addition, AbbVie received FDA approval for a hepatitis C treatment, Viekira Pak®, in 2014, which targets around 3.2 million Americans with hepatitis C (Loftus, December 19, 2014). The hepatitis C virus is transmitted through contact with an infected person’s blood, including through sharing of drug needles. If left untreated, people with a chronic infection with hepatitis C may end up with liver-scarring cirrhosis. Gilead has historically dominated this therapeutic area with its two drugs.
Local and global stability of an HCV viral dynamics model with two routes of infection and adaptive immunity
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2023
Marya Sadki, Sanaa Harroudi, Karam Allali
It is acknowledged that hepatitis C virus (HCV) poses a significant health challenge for the world nowadays. HCV is a virus that causes a serious viral infectious disease that attacks the liver, and hence it is responsible for both chronic and acute hepatitis whose severity ranges from a mild illness to a serious chronic illness such cancer and liver cirrhosis. The World Health Organization WHO (2021) stated that 58 million people had chronic HCV infection, with around 1.5 million new infections registered every year, and an estimated of 290,000 people having lost their lives due to the disease in 2019, mostly due to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (primary liver cancer). The WHO reported that antiviral medicines can cure more than 95% of the patients suffering from hepatitis C infection, although the access to both diagnosis and treatment is still low, especially in developing countries. To reduce the expensive public health consequences and prevent loss of life, mathematical modeling has become crucial in comprehending viral dynamics Landi et al. (2008), Hernandez-Vargas and Velasco-Hernandez (2020), Din et al. (2020), and Layden and Layden (2001). In addition, the modeling of dynamical systems has been applied in many different fields for investigating complex dynamics, such as neuroscience Li et al. (2021), oligopoly models Li et al. (2022b, 2023b), ecological systems Eskandari et al. (2022) and Li et al. (2023a), the spread of infectious diseases Li et al. (2022a) and Bounkaicha and Allali (2023), memristor system Jiang et al. (2022).
Modelling health impacts of hepatitis – model selection and treatment plans
Published in Mathematical and Computer Modelling of Dynamical Systems, 2022
Hepatitis B and C are globally spread viruses causing liver infections and affecting billions of people. Apart from acute infection courses, both diseases can also chronify leading to a long-term negative impact on patients’ health. The mechanisms that differentiate acute and chronic courses are still largely unknown [1]. While there are several suitable treatments for treating hepatitis B, hepatitis C cannot always be completely cured. In order to reduce the harm inflicted by a hepatitis virus and to reduce negative drug side effects personalized treatment plans are desired. In addition to the necessary clinical studies to evaluate treatment strategies, mathematical modelling provides the possibility for in-silico development and testing of treatment plans. However, in order to obtain helpful results, suitable mathematical models are required.
Transmission dynamic of stochastic hepatitis C model by spectral collocation method
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2022
Naseeb Gul, Sami Ullah Khan, Ishtiaq Ali, Farman Ullah Khan
One of the most important diseases of public health interest is Hepatitis C (HCV). Throughout the world, Hepatitis C is a common liver disease (Marcellin and Kutala 2018). Initially, Hepatitis C disease was recognized in 1975 and further it was identified as the causative agent in 1989. The characterization of Hepatitis C is such that: it is characterized by an acute stage (often asymptotic) which most of the time leads to a chronic stage that may result liver cancer and cirrhosis (Khan et al. 2014). Basically the hepatitis C virus is an enfold RNA virus, which is further characterized to be a positive-sense single stranded virus belonging to the family Flaviviridae and is considerably small in size. While going to this process, a high error rate may occur (Kaushik et al. 2017). According to a survey of WHO’s (World Health Organizations), the infection rate of HCV over all the world population is 3 percent (Global Burden of Hepatitis C Working Group 2004). The estimation of infected population with chronic HCV is round about 170 millions. This is the figure of those people who are at risk of cirrhosis or developing liver cancer. Additionally, throughout the globe almost 0.3 million people were die annually because of HCV associated liver infection (Lee et al. 2014).