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Treatment Devices
Published in Laurence J. Street, Introduction to Biomedical Engineering Technology, 2023
For patients who cannot tolerate hemodialysis for any reason, or if their kidney failure is not complete, peritoneal dialysis offers an alternative. It is a much simpler process than hemodialysis, and the equipment is portable and simple enough to be used in patient’s homes or even while traveling.
Emerging IoT Applications
Published in Ambikapathy, R. Shobana, Logavani, Dharmasa, Reinvention of Health Applications with IoT, 2022
N. Vedanjali, Pappula Rajasri, Mahima Rajesh, V.R. Anishma, G. Kanimozhi
Haemodialysis is the process during which a dialysis machine and a special filter known as an artificial kidney, or a dialyzer, are employed to scrub the blood. Blood from the body is transferred to the dialyzer through the blood vessels with the help of minor surgery, described later [4]. A pump within the haemodialysis machine slowly draws out blood and passes it through the dialyzer machine. This works like a kidney and filters out extra fluid, waste, and salt. The clean blood is then sent back to the body through a second needle within the arm, as depicted in Figure 5.1. Haemodialysis needs to be performed about three times a week, each for 4 hours duration.
Urinary system
Published in A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha, Clark’s Procedures in Diagnostic Imaging: A System-Based Approach, 2020
A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha
Some patients with end-stage renal failure require haemodialysis. Ideally this is achieved by the surgical creation of an arteriovenous fistula, typically in the patient’s non-dominant arm. Common sites of fistulae include connection of the radial artery with the cephalic vein at the wrist, or the brachial artery with the cephalic vein or basilic vein at the elbow. As the vein receives high pressure blood directly from the artery, it arterialises (‘matures’), enlarging and becoming thicker walled. Flow though the fistula may be clinically noticeable as a palpable ‘thrill’ (a buzz). This large vein provides easier long term access for the large gauge dialysis needles and allows continuous high volumes of blood flow necessary for efficient dialysis. However, over time stenoses may develop, often around the site of the anastomosis or the needling sites; this can cause reduced blood flow, and if untreated can lead to suboptimal dialysis and/or thrombosis of the fistula. Stenoses may be treated by angioplasty, while thrombosis, if diagnosed early enough, may be treated with thrombolysis, mechanical or aspiration thrombectomy or ‘trawling’ the thrombus with an angioplasty balloon. Alternative access for haemodialysis may be provided via a tunnelled central venous catheter. In difficult cases this can be inserted under radiographic control.
Diffusion analysis with high and low concentration regions by the finite difference method, the adaptive network-based fuzzy inference system, and the bilayered neural network method
Published in Engineering Applications of Computational Fluid Mechanics, 2021
Qike Shao, Sina Faizollahzadeh Ardabili, Majdi Mafarja, Hamza Turabieh, Qian Zhang, Shahab S. Band, Kwok-Wing Chau, Amir Mosavi
Microorganisms, plants, as well as animals are some examples that the role of diffusion of large and small molecules in aqueous solutions is inevitable. Aside from these, the process of diffusion has its own role in food processing as well as the drying of liquid mixtures and solutions. Examples include aroma as well as flavor components in tea and coffee during the process of evaporation. Moreover, diffusion occurs in the process of fermentation. In this process, sugar, oxygen as well as nutrients diffuse to products, microorganisms, and waste. In this regard, kidneys are responsible for taking away different products, including creatinine, urea, and other excess fluid from the blood. Additionally, kidney dialysis helps patients whose kidneys work improperly by removing waste products from their blood. During the process of hemodialysis, a dialyzer is applied, and in this process, blood is pumped; consequently, waste that exists in blood diffuses by a sort of membrane action so that only particular molecules can pass to the aqueous solution cleaning fluid.
Flow balance optimization and fluid removal accuracy with the Quanta SC+ hemodialysis system
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2020
Clive Buckberry, Nicholas Hoenich, Paul Komenda, Mark Wallace, John E Milad
Hemodialysis involves the use of an artificial semi-permeable membrane contained in an artificial kidney known as a dialyzer. During treatment, blood is removed from the patient via an extracorporeal circuit and is passed through the dialyzer before being returned to the patient. Blood flows through the dialyzer and is in contact with the inner surface of the membrane. The outer surface of the membrane is bathed by a continuously flowing fluid (dialysis fluid) made from a precise mixture of electrolytes and purified water. Abnormal patient biochemistry is normalized primarily by diffusion of accumulated uremic toxins into the dialysis fluid, while the fluid gained by the patient between treatments, due to an inability to pass sufficient amounts of urine to achieve homeostasis, is removed by a hydrostatic pressure gradient across the dialyzer membrane, a process referred to as ultrafiltration.
Medical textiles
Published in Textile Progress, 2020
Haemodialysis relies on the principal of solute diffusion across a semipermeable membrane. The movement of metabolic waste products occurs down a concentration gradient from the circulation to a dialysate. The rate of diffusion is affected by the concentration gradient, membrane surface area, pump speed and the mass transfer coefficient of the membrane. The dialysate can be artificially manipulated depending upon the current state of the patients’ blood and what needs to be filtered. This allows for finer control. Blood is extracted from a filter and passed through a dialysis machine before returning to the patient (see Figure 16). Haemodialysis is undertaken several times a week depending upon the severity of the renal disease and requirements of the patient. This is often performed at hospital in-centre haemodialysis units though may be undertaken at a satellite unit; both mean time away from friends and family. Occasionally it may be performed at home.