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AI and Autoimmunity
Published in Louis J. Catania, AI for Immunology, 2021
The objective of stem cell transplantation therapy is to destroy the mature, long-lived, and auto-reactive immune cells and generate a new, properly functioning immune system. The patient’s stem cells are used in a procedure known as autologous (from “one’s self”) hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (Figure 4.1). First, patients receive injections of a growth factor, which coaxes large numbers of hematopoietic stem cells to be released from the bone marrow into the bloodstream. These cells are harvested from the blood, purified away from mature immune cells, and stored. After sufficient quantities of these cells are obtained, the patient undergoes a regimen of cytotoxic (cell-killing) drug and/or radiation therapy, which eliminates the mature immune cells. Then, the hematopoietic stem cells are returned to the patient via a blood transfusion into the circulation where they migrate to the bone marrow and begin to differentiate to become mature immune cells. The body’s immune system is then restored.53
Emerging blood doping technology and implications for sport management
Published in Cheryl Mallen, Emerging Technologies in Sport, 2019
In the context of minimal sanctions, this inconsistency regarding the efforts of the anti-doping campaign is playing out just as cutting-edge blood doping technologies are on the horizon which will make the management of the situation even more complex. Emerging technologies in blood doping include imitation oxygen-carrying red blood cells. For instance, research “teams at Harvard University and Weill Cornell Medicine at Cornell University [have] created hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). These mature into blood’s essential components: platelets, white blood cells and red blood cells”.126 These cells are exact replicas of one’s DNA and naturally-generated blood cells – there is no way to determine the difference between the natural and the imitation stem cells – except if there is an increase in the cell volume. The advances have been noted as “a real scientific advance and brings us closer to making customized cells we can transplant without worrying about rejection”.127 While efforts in cell development are aimed at improving the health of the ill, the techniques are of interest for their application to sport blood doping. It is one more way to advance the development of human red blood cells in the blood plasma.
Hematopoietic Stem Cells
Published in W. E. Schiesser, Time Delay ODE/PDE Models, 2019
This chapter pertains to the spatiotemporal distribution of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) which are the starting point for the various cells in the bloodstream. The following quotation gives a brief description of the functioning of HSCs [2]: A hematopoietic stem cell is a cell isolated from the blood or bone marrow that can renew itself, can differentiate to a variety of specialized cells, can mobilize out of the bone marrow into circulating blood, and can undergo programmed cell death, called apoptosis—a process by which cells that are detrimental or unneeded self-destruct.
Managing a bone marrow transplant centre to maximise patients' health benefits
Published in International Journal of Production Research, 2023
Routine treatment methods of leukaemia include monitored waiting, targeted therapy, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy, all of which may block the disease progression but provide no cure. In contrast, leukaemia patients may potentially be cured by a Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation (HCT) which is an effective and popular method that restores the patient's ability to produce new healthy blood cells. According to the most recent statistics available, HCT was used to treat approximately 50,000 patients worldwide in 2006 (Appelbaum 2007). HCT may be autologous (the patient's own stem cells are used), allogeneic (the stem cells come from a donor), or syngeneic (the stem cells come from an identical twin).