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AI and Autoimmunity
Published in Louis J. Catania, AI for Immunology, 2021
Hematopoietic stem cell therapy (a “blood stem cell” that can develop into all types of blood cells found in the peripheral blood, the bone marrow, and immune cells)50 is now being used effectively (regenerative medicine) to grow new cellular and immunological based strategies for patients with malignancy and hematological disorders produced or provoked by immunologic or autoimmunologic causes. Stem cells can be readily harvested from bone marrow and adipose tissue (and other bodily tissues) and converted into undifferentiated induced pluripotent cells (iPSC – reprogrammed embryonic-like cells capable of developing into any type of human cell, a 2012 Nobel Prize award winning technology) suitable for transplantation into diseased and degenerated organs and body structures (e.g., diabetes, osteoarthritis, etc.). These cells then regenerate and begin to replace the abnormal cells with new, normal cells including immune system cells, and even potentially with functioning organs (organ morphogenesis).51 (Figure 4.2) Currently, muscle and bone tissue are particularly responsive to stem cell regeneration.
Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
Published in Yaser Dahman, Biomaterials Science and Technology, 2019
The ability of bone to remodel, along with the capacity of bone tissue to heal and regenerate following damage, supports the concept of a stem cell population within post-natal bone marrow. Bone marrow consists of hematopoietic and stromal compartments, and it has long been acknowledged as a source of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Bone marrow cell suspensions include both HSCs and stromal cells. Stromal cells form stromal tissue which tends to function as a scaffold, composed of a cell network that provides physical and functional support to HSCs. Stromal cells are able to adhere to tissue culture plastic, while extraction of HSCs is made easier by the fact that they are non-adherent and can be readily removed from stromal cell cultures by simple washes (Black et al., 2015).
Hematopoietic Stem Cells
Published in W. E. Schiesser, Time Delay ODE/PDE Models, 2019
This chapter pertains to the spatiotemporal distribution of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) which are the starting point for the various cells in the bloodstream. The following quotation gives a brief description of the functioning of HSCs [2]: A hematopoietic stem cell is a cell isolated from the blood or bone marrow that can renew itself, can differentiate to a variety of specialized cells, can mobilize out of the bone marrow into circulating blood, and can undergo programmed cell death, called apoptosis—a process by which cells that are detrimental or unneeded self-destruct.
Computer-aided system for Leukocyte nucleus segmentation and Leukocyte classification based on nucleus characteristics
Published in International Journal of Computers and Applications, 2020
White Blood Cells (WBCs), also termed as Leukocytes provide immunity against diseases and also help in protecting the body against infections. They are produced by the hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow. The WBCs are distinguishable from Platelets and Erythrocytes due to the presence of Nucleus. WBCs are broadly classified into Granulocytes and Agranulocytes based on their structure. The broader categories can be further divided into five types namely, Basophil, Neutrophil, Eosinophil, Monocyte, and Lymphocyte. Characterization of WBCs is shown in Table 1.