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The Skull and Brain
Published in Melanie Franklyn, Peter Vee Sin Lee, Military Injury Biomechanics, 2017
Kwong Ming Tse, Long Bin Tan, Heow Pueh Lee
Head injury is one of the most common and the most severe form of trauma-related injury (Mayer et al. 1981). In the context of this chapter, head injury refers to any physical injury to the head, which may or may not involve the brain. The phrases ‘head injury’ and ‘brain injury’ are often used interchangeably in medical literature (Field 1976; Anderson and McLaurin 1980; Kraus and McArthur 2000). In fact, there is no agreement in the definition of head injury for epidemiological purposes, and the definitions in each of the studies differ. Depending on the specialty of surgeons and the surgical pathology over time, head injury demands a broad definition. Head injury, in anatomical terms, refers to any physical trauma to the body above the lower border of the mandible (Fearnside and Simpson 1997). On the other hand, brain injury is more properly defined as ‘physical damage to, or functional impairment of, the cranial contents from acute mechanical exchange, excluding birth trauma’ (Jagger et al. 1984). In the context of this chapter, head injury refers to any physical damage to both the extracranial and intracranial contents, which may or may not involve the brain, while brain injury is termed as injury to intracranial tissues.
Area-based segmentation in brain scan CT images for low-grade glioma patients
Published in Aria Hendrawan, Rifi Wijayanti Dual Arifin, Engineering, Information and Agricultural Technology in the Global Digital Revolution, 2020
Aria Hendrawan, Atmoko Nugroho, Saifur Rohman Cholil, Agusta Praba Pinem
Glioma is a primary brain tumor disease that generally attacks adults and that may originate from glial cells (tissue that binds cell nerves and fibers) and infiltration of surrounding tissues. Glioma is usually associated with nerves in the spine. Although research on glioma has made great progress, early detection in patients with glioma is very limited. Early detection of glioma is very important because patients need immediate care; a patient suffering from high-grade glioma has an average life expectancy of only up to two years. To find glioma, a brain image is needed. A head CT scan is a method of radiological examination used to evaluate patients who have a head injury.
Miscellaneous procedures
Published in A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha, Clark’s Procedures in Diagnostic Imaging: A System-Based Approach, 2020
A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha
A severe head injury can cause of death or permanent disability. Timely imaging and surgical intervention (if appropriate) will result in a favourable prognosis. Hyperacute head injuries are assessed with an unenhanced scan from the vertex to the base of the skull. Images are reviewed for detection of fractures, epidural, subdural and subarachnoid haemorrhage. Sequential scans are performed to assess the true extent of an injury and to monitor progress. (See Chapter 11, page 586, for axial brain protocol.)
Differences in the protective capabilities of bicycle helmets in real-world and standard-specified impact scenarios
Published in Traffic Injury Prevention, 2018
Megan L. Bland, David S. Zuby, Becky C. Mueller, Steven Rowson
Cycling is a popular sport, recreational activity, and mode of transportation worldwide. According to the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System published by the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC), cycling was the number one activity responsible for sports-related head injuries treated in U.S. emergency rooms in 2009, accounting for over 19% of the total that year (American Association of Neurological Surgeons 2014). Resulting economic and societal costs of cycling-related head injuries are substantial, with estimated associated U.S. health care costs totaling over $2 billion annually (Schulman et al. 2002). Fortunately, both epidemiological and biomechanical studies have shown that risk of head injury can be effectively reduced through bicycle helmet use (Cripton et al. 2014; Elvik 2013; McIntosh et al. 2013; Sacks et al. 1991; Thompson et al. 1996).
Head impact forces in blind football are greater in competition than training and increased cervical strength may reduce impact magnitude
Published in International Journal of Injury Control and Safety Promotion, 2021
Daniel Fitzpatrick, Peter Thompson, Courtney Kipps, Nick Webborn
Concussion is an important form of head injury in sport. It is a brain injury caused by biomechanical forces acting directly or indirectly on the head. It produces short acting neurological symptoms with a rapid onset and a gradual spontaneous recovery (McCrory et al., 2017). Long-term neurodegenerative and cognitive changes (Manley et al., 2017) have been associated with repeated head injury, although the exact link is not fully understood.