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Nanomaterials-Based Wearable Biosensors for Healthcare
Published in Sibel A. Ozkan, Bengi Uslu, Mustafa Kemal Sezgintürk, Biosensors, 2023
Jose Marrugo-Ramírez, L. Karadurmus, Miguel Angel Aroca, Emily P. Nguyen, Cecilia de Carvalho Castro e Silva, Giulio Rosati, Johann F. Osma, Sibel A. Ozkan, Arben Merkoçi
Gout: Gout is an inflammation of the joints as a result of an excessive increase in uric acid in the blood. The height of uric acid alone is not enough for disease to occur. If gout is not diagnosed early and the increase in the amount of uric acid is not reduced, unfortunately, uric acid accumulates in the joints, soft tissues adjacent to the joint, bone protrusions and cartilage surfaces and causes swelling and damage in those areas. So, it is necessary to reduce the increased uric acid in these patients. Because this is the essential point in this disease, patients stop coming to the doctor again after the inflamed joint heals and think that it has recovered until the next attack. However, keeping uric acid at reasonable levels in the blood reduces subsequent attacks. For this reason, the amount of uric acid should be monitored continuously in these patients. Wearable sensors are very convenient tools for monitoring the amount of uric acid (21–25).
Thermography by Specialty
Published in James Stewart Campbell, M. Nathaniel Mead, Human Medical Thermography, 2023
James Stewart Campbell, M. Nathaniel Mead
An attack of gout entails acute inflammation due to crystallization of uric acid within a joint, bursa, or tendon sheath. The distal joints of the feet are most affected because the needle-like urate crystals form where the tissues are coolest. Though gout is commonly regarded as an affliction of the feet, it can also affect any joint or other tissue. Inflammation during an acute attack produces skin redness and palpable warmth, a prominent feature that can be readily detected, quantized, and followed by thermography. The affected joints are marked by an area of intense hyperthermia with clear contours, an area larger than the visible extent of hyperemia.39 Thermal findings become less defined and may persist for several days as clinical remission occurs.40
Clinical Perspective on Dual Energy Computed Tomography
Published in Katsuyuki Taguchi, Ira Blevis, Krzysztof Iniewski, Spectral, Photon Counting Computed Tomography, 2020
Charis McNabney, Shamir Rai, Darra T. Murphy
Gout is a common form of inflammatory arthritis caused by deposition of monosodium urate (MSU) crystals in joints and surrounding soft tissues. Acute attacks present with acute excruciating joint pain. Gold-standard diagnosis of gout is by means of joint aspiration during an acute attack and fluid analysis to detect MSU crystals. The process can be painful, technically difficult, and carries a risk of introducing infection. Occasionally, the paucity of synovial fluid makes for a non-diagnostic procedure (Newberry et al. 2016). Difficulty arises when diagnosing gout because it can mimic other diseases and the conventional repertoire of investigations is neither sufficiently sensitive nor specific. Serum urate levels are not always raised in patients presenting with gout and may be raised in asymptomatic patients (Schlesinger et al. 2009). Similarly, imaging modalities such as ultrasound, MRI, and conventional CT do not deliver certainty of diagnosis during the acute phase and therefore are not incorporated into routine clinical practice (McQueen et al. 2011).
Characterization of the antioxidant activity, total phenolic content, enzyme inhibition, and anticancer properties of Achillea millefolium L. (yarrow)
Published in Instrumentation Science & Technology, 2022
Nagihan Karaaslan Ayhan, Merve Goksin Karaaslan Tunc, Samir Abbas Ali Noma, Ali Kurucay, Burhan Ates
Excess uric acid production may cause hyperuricemia which causes gout.[19] High levels of XO can cause oxidative stress, mutagenesis, and perhaps cancer. Hence, the inhibition of XO reduces oxidative stress immediately after inflammation. Also, the inhibition of XO may be used for cancer therapy.[20] Allopurinol, a prototypical potent XO inhibitor with a purine moiety, has been the cornerstone of gout and hyperuricemia-related disorders for decades and has mild side effects such as gastrointestinal distress, hypersensitivity reactions, and renal toxicity.[21] In order to control hyperuricemia in gout patients, it is necessary to find a new non-purine XO inhibitor that is more potent than allopurinol and is selective.[22] Novel non-purine alternatives to allopurinol have been investigated with potent XO inhibitory activity and fewer side effects.[23]