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Disinfecting Agents
Published in James Agalloco, Phil DeSantis, Anthony Grilli, Anthony Pavell, Handbook of Validation in Pharmaceutical Processes, 2021
Glutaraldehyde has been used for some time as a disinfectant and sterilant for endoscopes and surgical equipment. Glutaraldehyde is normally sold in a 2.0% solution. The product is usually supplied as an amber solution with an acid pH. Glutaraldehyde is a powerful biocidal agent having the advantage of continued activity in the presence of organic material. Glutaraldehyde has broad-spectrum activity against bacteria, bacterial spores, viruses, and fungi. The mechanism of action involves the destruction of the outer layers of the cell. Glutaraldehyde is the only aldehyde to exhibit excellent sporicidal activity. In recent years, glutaraldehyde’s use has been focused mainly on the hospital environment. Many pharmaceutical and biotechnology organizations do not use a glutaraldehyde product in their operations. The product is very toxic, and specific handling precautions must be employed prior to its use. Especially noted are the gaseous fumes and the possible absorption through human tissue (skin).
Mechanical Properties and Degradation Behavior of Polyvinyl Alcohol/Starch Blend
Published in R. Jumaidin, S.M. Sapuan, H. Ismail, Biofiller-Reinforced Biodegradable Polymer Composites, 2020
Blend 4 has the highest tensile strength, which was due to the presence of glutaraldehyde in the blend. Glutaraldehyde is a cross-linking agent. It was used to introduce the cross-linking process and increased the tensile strength of the film [45]. However, as the film has high tensile strength, it showed low elongation at break and modulus. So, the presence of cross-linking agent reduced the extensibility and flexibility of the films.
Pharmaceutical Applications of Gelatin
Published in Amit Kumar Nayak, Md Saquib Hasnain, Dilipkumar Pal, Natural Polymers for Pharmaceutical Applications, 2019
Vishal Girdhar, Shalini Patil, Sunil Kumar Dubey, Gautam Singhvi
Various studies conducted separately prove that glutaraldehyde has some serious skin and respiratory sensitization issues, eye irritancy, and contact dermatitis. To prevent the harmful effect of this gelatin crosslinker, the use of agarose with gelatin was done for the microencapsulation of gallic acid for the treatment of Aspergillus niger fungal infection (Lam et al., 2015). Highest encapsulation was obtained when gelatin and agarose were used in a 1:1 ratio. The release of nearly 80% gallic acid was observed until 96 hours of the study in 7.4 pH buffer. Also, the blank microcapsules did not inhibit the fungal cell growth indicating the harmless nature of agarose in long-term skin sensitization. Similarly, in another study, microspheres made of methacrylated modified gelatin have also been used for the delivery of growth factors (recombinant human BMP-4). Methacrylate derivatives of gelatin have been proved less cytotoxic and provide a broad spectrum of cross-linking densities, thus becoming a possible future for the delivery of various other biomacromolecules (Nguyen et al., 2015).
Ion imprinted adsorbent for the removal of Ni(II) from waste water: preparation, characterization, and adsorption
Published in Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 2019
Yong Zhang, Zhishan Bai, Wenqiang Luo, Linlin Zhai, Bingjie Wang, Xiaohu Kang, Jieqiong Zong
Thus, many researchers have modified its physical and chemical characteristics to strengthen its stability and enhance the adsorption capacity with various heavy metals taking advantage of its amino groups.[18–22] Carboxymethyl chitosan(CMCS) is one of the product of modified chitosan which possesses higher adsorption capacity for heavy metals due to the presence of carboxyl groups.[23] To improve the chemical resistance of carboxymethyl chitosan, crosslinking has been employed extensively. Glutaraldehyde is a frequently-used crosslinking reagent that applied for chemical modification of biomaterials. Too much crosslinking reagent dosage will result in a great decrease in the number of coordination sites and lower degrees of swelling, which has a notable effect on the adsorption capacity of the metals.[24] Therefore, it is significant to determine the appropriate the amount of cross-linking reagent.
The application of electrospinning used in meniscus tissue engineering
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2018
Mingxue Chen, Shuang Gao, Pei Wang, Yan Li, Weimin Guo, Yu Zhang, Mingjie Wang, Tongguang Xiao, Zengzeng Zhang, Xueliang Zhang, Xiaoguang Jing, Xu Li, Shuyun Liu, Quanyi Guo, Tingfei Xi
For that collagen is the main component of meniscus, it is natural to consider fabricating meniscus scaffolds by collagen [67–69]. The advantage of using collagen to produce meniscus scaffolds is its good bioactivity and totally harmless degradation product. Compared to artificial polymers, collagen has a more complicated chemical construction, but this does not improve the difficulty to find suitable solvent to solve collagen. Concentrated PBS mixed with ethyl alcohol (EtOH) [67,68], or hexafluoroisopropanol alone could solve collagen easily [69–72]. Forty-five percent of the triple helical structure of collagen molecules is denatured during electrospinning process, so electrospinning collagen fiber is easy to dissolve in aqueous solution [72]. Therefore, it is necessary to crosslink collagen electrospinning fibers in proper degree to improve its stability [73]. Glutaraldehyde and carbodiimide are the most common choices. Moreover, crosslinking could also improve the mechanical properties of collagen fibers such as tensile modulus and shear modulus [72,73]. Although the collagen electrospinning fibers have tensile modulus at 160–870 MPa after crosslinking in dry state [73], this value decreased sharply in wet condition at on more than 3 MPa [68], which is inferior than PCL electrospinning fibers.
Study the design parameters of 3D printing surgical guide deformation quantity by disinfection and sterilization
Published in Journal of Industrial and Production Engineering, 2021
Man-Yee Chan, Liang Gie Huang, Pei-Jhen Wu, Chia-Hung Yeh
Out of the sterilization and disinfection methods of a lot of medical device, this study selected four disinfection and sterilization methods commonly used in hospitals, which are respectively the following four types: (1) steam sterilization. (2) E-O gas sterilization. (3) plasma sterilization. (4) activated glutaraldehyde sterilization. The purpose of the research is to summarize the values of the above results: the range of deformation and the degree of stress variation caused by different sterilization methods for medical resin materials of two different lithographic processes, SLA and PolyJet. Moreover, the careful considerations in the surgical guide design allow the surgical guide to maintain the correctness and precision desired by the physician after sterilization.