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Articular Cartilage Pathology and Therapies
Published in Kyriacos A. Athanasiou, Eric M. Darling, Grayson D. DuRaine, Jerry C. Hu, A. Hari Reddi, Articular Cartilage, 2017
Kyriacos A. Athanasiou, Eric M. Darling, Grayson D. DuRaine, Jerry C. Hu, A. Hari Reddi
The popularity of copper and magnetic bracelets stems from several desirable characteristics, namely, the ease of use, noninvasiveness, the presence of few or no side effects, and the perception that these items are more “natural” than other therapies. Over-the-counter dietary supplements, such as glucosamine and chondroitin, share many of these desirable characteristics. These are of particular interest due to their wide availability and popularity. These products have been recommended by both OARSI in 2007 (Brosseau et al. 2002) and the European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) in 2003 (Jordan et al. 2003), while being the subject of conflicting results and heated debates. Questions have been raised about study results with regard to design, sample sizes, publication bias, and the choices of controls, all complicated by the overwhelming variety of formulations and derivatives available on the market. The Glucosamine/Chondroitin Arthritis Intervention Trial (GAIT) (NIH 2008), funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and published in 2008, showed that these supplements did not significantly reduce pain compared with a placebo, though this study has itself received similar criticism, as listed above. A recent review of glucosamine in the management of osteoarthritis found that glucosamine sulfate had an effect size greater than or equal to those of common analgesics, basing its recommendation on this and the low incidence of adverse effects (Henrotin et al. 2012). However, the effects of glucosamine appear to be location dependent. Based on its analyses, OARSI recommends glucosamine in management of the knee but not the hip (Zhang et al. 2010), and the same recommendation is given by EULAR (Jordan et al. 2003; Zhang et al. 2005). One recent review of the literature, however, has indicated that there is very little scientific basis for glucosamine supplements in alleviating arthritis (Henrotin et al. 2012).
Human Energy
Published in Eduardo Rincón-Mejía, Alejandro de las Heras, Sustainable Energy Technologies, 2017
José Antonio Aguilar Becerril, Diana Gabriela Pinedo Catalán, Paola Yazmín Jiménez Colín, Jaime Manuel Aguilar Becerril
Glucosamine is used for cartilage maintenance of the joints, preventing deterioration (does not regenerate them and is usually taken in conjunction with chondroitin). Glucosamine sulfate at a dose of 500 mg every 8 h may relieve moderate to severe arthritis pain.
Dense lamellar scaffold, biomimetically inspired, for reverse cardiac remodeling: Effect of proanthocyanidins and glutaraldehyde
Published in Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 2021
Thais Alves, Juliana Ferreira Souza, Venancio Alves Amaral, Alessandra Candida Rios, Tais Costa, Kessi Crescencio, Fernando Batain, Denise Grotto, Renata Lima, Lindemberg Silveira Filho, Jose Oliveira Junior, Patricia Severino, Norberto Aranha, Marco Chaud
Proteins and polysaccharides are considered promising natural molecules for the design of 3D scaffolds with biomimetic characteristics of original tissue. Type I collagen makes up about 80% of the collagen matrix in cardiac tissue, making this biopolymer an attractive for the manufacture of scaffolds for cardiac tissue. Collagen in combination with other biomaterials such as chitosan showed an increase in the elastic modulus, which makes it more suitable for the stabilization of the ventricular wall. Chitosan (Qt) is a natural polymer composed of glucosamine and N-acetylglucosamine. A chitosan hydrogel has been designed, which improved the survival of embryonic stem cells and the differentiation of cardiomyocytes in a rat infarction model.[9–11]
Synergistic effect of zeolite/chitosan in the removal of fluoride from aqueous solution
Published in Environmental Technology, 2020
Javier A. Arcibar-Orozco, Alfredo I. Flores-Rojas, José R. Rangel-Mendez, Paola E. Díaz-Flores
At differing temperature/pH combinations, in our inorganic/organic composite material, it is probable that some of the groups responsible for F-adsorption changed their capacity for attracting fluoride ions as conditions changed. This is most likely with the chitosan phase of the composite. Chitosan is a polysaccharide consisting of glucosamine and N-acetylglucosamine thus more than 50% of the chitin can be deacetylated and becomes water soluble [56]. The protonation of the NH2 group at low pH is responsible for the chitosan solubilization and the development of charge in our material which in turn leads to F– adsorption. It is also well known that the vibration energy of the adsorbates increases with temperature, suggesting that a lower number of these higher energy fluoride ions can be retained on the surface of the adsorbents as temperature increases. In a simulation study carried out by Aguirre-Loredo et al. [57], it was reported that at the higher excitation state of the molecules, there is an increase in the distance between the water surface and the biopolymer decreasing any attractive forces and reducing the number of adsorbed water molecules. One can assume that a similar effect could occur with fluoride adsorption. On the other hand, water molecules also increase the free volume of the chitin, thus increasing the mobility of the polymer chains and their permeability.
Use of hybrid microcapsules, chitosan-methyl esterified sericite-tannin, for the removal of harmful lake algae and nutrient
Published in Environmental Technology, 2020
Chitosan is a linear polysaccharide composed of D-glucosamine and N-acetylglucosamine [18]. It is usually obtained by treating the shell of shrimp and crustacea with a sodium hydroxide base [7]. Unlike celluloses, chitosan is a natural polymer flocculant that absorbs harmful substances that have negative ionic amino groups [8]. In addition, sericite, which is one of the clay minerals that are abundant and widely distributed in soil, is inexpensive. Hydroxyl groups are distributed on the surface, enabling various pollutants to be easily adsorbed and removed [12,19]. However, it is very inefficient to remove harmful algae using sericite, which has a negative charge like microalgae [20]. Therefore, in this study, the surface charge of sericite with negative charge was modified by methyl esterified sericite (MES) positive charge, to simultaneously remove the nutrients and harmful algae from a stream.