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Application of Bioresponsive Polymers in Drug Delivery
Published in Deepa H. Patel, Bioresponsive Polymers, 2020
Manisha Lalan, Deepti Jani, Pratiksha Trivedi, Deepa H. Patel
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an incretin peptide of the endocrine L-cells of the intestinal mucosa with unique antidiabetic potential. Although the molecule has tremendous potential, its low absorption efficiency and instability in the gastrointestinal tract becomes a challenge for its oral delivery. A novel silica-based pH-sensitive nanomatrix of GLP-1 was developed which was composed of silica nanoparticles and pH-sensitive Eudragit®. The cell line studies, pharmacokinetics, and intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test, toxicological evaluations validated its success. Another study on mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSPs) with surface positive charges could entrap anionic molecules. The entrapped drugs were not released in acidic pH and released only in the neutral intestinal pH [42, 43].
Nanobiomaterial for Non-Viral Gene Delivery
Published in Anil K. Sharma, Raj K. Keservani, Rajesh K. Kesharwani, Nanobiomaterials, 2018
Recently, gene delivery scaffolds-based on DNA plasmid condensation with colloidal gold/cationic polymer was also developed via electrostatic interaction yielding gold/polyethyleneimine (PEI), gold/chitosan and gold/chitosan/PEI complexes. Luciferase-encoding plasmid DNA was subsequently added and adsorbed on the prepared scaffolds to be used as a non-viral gene delivery carrier. Confocal fluorescent microscopy was carried out to verify the presence of DNA in the cell using gold nano-scaffold as a carrier. Transfection efficiency assay using A549 and HeLa human cell lines was performed that reveal gold/polymer-based nano-scaffolds provided transfection efficiency approximately 10 times higher than polymeric-based gene carriers (Tencomnao et al., 2011; Nitta and Numata, 2013). Native glucagon like peptide 1 (GLP-1), an incretin hormone that regulates blood glucose level post-prandially, is used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. In this study, to exploit the function of GLP-1, the glucosamine-based polymer chitosan was used as a cationic polymer-based in vitro delivery system for GLP-1, DPP-IV resistant GLP-1 analogues and siRNA targeting DPP-IV mRNA. It was reported that all chitosan–DPP-IV siRNA nanocomplexes were capable of DPP-IV silencing and carry out effective abrogating enzymatic activity of DPP-IV in media of silenced cells, and with no apparent cytotoxicity. These findings are lead to confirm the versatility of these specific formulations to deliver plasmid DNA and siRNA render their use as a combined in vivo therapy for the control of type 2 diabetes (Jean et al., 2012).
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Published in Michael Hehenberger, Zhi Xia, Huanming Yang, Our Animal Connection, 2020
Michael Hehenberger, Zhi Xia, Huanming Yang
It turns out that the Gila monster’s peptide exendin-4 is similar to the GLP-1 hormone in the human digestive tract. GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide-1 analogue, increases the production of insulin when blood sugar levels are high. Insulin then helps move sugar from the blood into other body tissues where it is used for energy. The lizard hormone remains effective much longer than the (50% similar) human hormone, and thus its synthetic form helps diabetics keep their blood sugar levels from getting too high. The drug Exenatide, which is based on exendin-4’s synthetic form, stimulates insulin production and also slows the emptying of the stomach, thereby causing a decrease in appetite that leads to weight loss.
Closed-loop insulin delivery: update on the state of the field and emerging technologies
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2022
Other adjunctive therapies have been introduced to optimize glycemic control. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an incretin hormone that increases satiety, slows gastric emptying and suppresses glucagon release. Initial small inpatient studies of GLP-1 use with fully closed-loop therapy seemed promising, but there have been no recent larger studies to evaluate outpatient efficacy [112]. Sodium-glucose co-transporter (SGLT2) inhibitors lower plasma glucose by blocking renal reabsorption and increasing renal excretion of glucose in an insulin-independent manner. Data on SGLT2 as an adjuvant in closed-loop therapy is limited, but results from a recent inpatient study in young adults using fully closed-loop with dapagliflozin were promising with no signs of hypoglycemia or ketosis [113]. Hybrid closed-loop with empagliflozin and simple meal announcement was non-inferior to hybrid closed-loop with carbohydrate counting (and no empagliflozin) in 30 adults on two days in another recent study [114]. Unfortunately, SGLT2s are no longer authorized for treatment of type 1 diabetes [115].
Recent update on nano-phytopharmaceuticals in the management of diabetes
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2021
Rakesh Kumar Paul, Prashant Kesharwani, Kaisar Raza
The insulinotropic hormone glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) promotes insulin secretion by stimulating pancreatic β-cells. This 37-amino acid peptide, GLP-1, is released when the ingestion of food or glucose takes place. The active GLP-1 is converted to truncated inactive GLP-1 by the presence of the dipeptidyl-peptidase- IV (DPP-IV) enzyme [58, 59]. Inhibition of DPP-IV can lead to the formation of active GLP-1. Su et al. [11] demonstrated the enzymatic inhibition of the DPP-IV enzyme by the application of SLNs prepared by oat-derived peptides. The use of metal and endophytic fungal-based nanoparticles was also effective for inhibiting the DPP-IV enzyme [39, 60].