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Nanopharmaceuticals in Alveolar Bone and Periodontal Regeneration
Published in Harishkumar Madhyastha, Durgesh Nandini Chauhan, Nanopharmaceuticals in Regenerative Medicine, 2022
Mark A. Reynolds, Zeqing Zhao, Michael D. Weir, Tao Ma, Jin Liu, Hockin H. K. Xu, Abraham Schneider
The periodontium is comprised of alveolar bone, cementum, periodontal ligament (PDL), and gingiva (Bottino et al. 2012; Sowmya et al. 2013). Cementum and alveolar bone are mineralised tissues. PDL is a fibrous tissue that attaches the root cementum of a tooth to the host alveolar bone (Liu et al. 2019). Periodontal disease is initiated by pathogenic bacteria, which triggers an inflammatory response. Inflammation of the gingiva without clinical evidence of breakdown of the periodontium is considered reversible and characteristic of gingivitis. Periodontitis, however, involves an irreversible breakdown of the connective tissue attachment to the root of the tooth and alveolar bone resorption, attributable primarily to the immune and inflammatory response to bacterial pathogens. Progressive periodontal destruction results in tooth mobility (loose teeth) and tooth loss. In nearly 50% of adults, the host response to oral bacteria leads to periodontitis, with progressive destruction of tooth-supporting apparatus. Severe periodontitis is relatively prevalent, affecting as many as 8–15% of the entire global population (Frencken et al. 2017). Moreover, alveolar bone loss and periodontal defects due to congenital birth defects, traumatic injury, tumours, and other infectious conditions may lead to the need for alveolar bone reconstruction, periodontal regeneration, or both. Indeed, alveolar bone defects have been associated with a decrease in the health and quality of life for millions of people (Bottino et al. 2012).
Clinical findings and self-reported oral health status of biathletes and cross-country skiers in the preseason – a cohort study with a control group
Published in Research in Sports Medicine, 2022
Cordula Leonie Merle, Theresa Rott, Nadia Challakh, Gerhard Schmalz, Tanja Kottmann, Tom Kastner, Katharina Blume, Bernd Wolfarth, Rainer Haak, Dirk Ziebolz, Jan Wüstenfeld
Significant oral health deficiencies of elite athletes have been stated in various studies. Almost 50% suffer from dental caries (Azeredo et al., 2020) and erosion (Queiroz Gonçalves et al., 2020). Oral inflammation is most commonly present as gingivitis (reversible) and, more rarely, about 15%, as periodontitis (irreversible destruction of the tooth-supporting tissues; Ashley et al., 2015). Furthermore, especially in contact sports, temporomandibular disorders (TMD) may have an increased prevalence (Freiwald et al., 2021). On the one hand, these oral diseases can cause acute problems, as up to a third of the athletes declare oral pain (Gallagher et al., 2018; Gay-Escoda et al., 2011). On the other hand, a correlation between oral inflammation status and physical fitness has been described (Bramantoro et al., 2020). Moreover, previous studies suggest a possible link between oral inflammation and increased risk for muscular injuries (Gay-Escoda et al., 2011). Consequently, oral health is of sports medical interest.