China 
Africa 
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Neural engineering
Published in Alex Mihailidis, Roger Smith, Rehabilitation Engineering, 2023
Information transmission within a body relies on electrical signals that are characterized as nerve action potentials. These signals travel throughout the nervous system and mediate all forms of function such as limb movement, sensation, autonomic control of visceral organs, and cognition. It has long been established that electrical stimulation can initiate action potentials, which in turn are capable of artificially eliciting one or more forms of physiological or even psychological functions. Neural engineering aims to take advantage of this simple input-output relationship by strategically applying electrical pulses at various anatomical locations to restore or markedly improve lost or deteriorated functions in individuals impacted by neurological impairments such as spinal cord injury (SCI) and stroke. One of the oldest and most widely studied applications in neural engineering is called functional electrical stimulation (FES), where electrical stimulation is used to restore motor functions by directly/indirectly activating motor nerves.
ISO 14971: Application of Risk Management to Medical Devices
Published in Jack Wong, Raymond K. Y. Tong, Handbook of Medical Device Regulatory Affairs in Asia, 2018
Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation (NMES) is generally referred to as an artificial electrical stimulation of a muscle that has diminished nervous control. When the aim is to provide muscular contractions and produce functionally useful movements, it is commonly referred to as functional electrical stimulation (FES). The FES is a technique that uses bursts of short electric pulses to generate muscle contractions by stimulating motor-neurons or reflex pathways.
Control strategy for intraspinal microstimulation based on central pattern generator
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2023
Xiongjie Lou, Yan Wu, Song Lu, Xiaoyan Shen
Traditional functional electrical stimulation (FES) can restore the motor function of paralyzed limbs by directly stimulating muscles (Tedesco Triccas et al. 2021; Ibitoye et al. 2019; Knudsen and Moxon 2017). Although this method has made great progress, there are still some serious problems that restrict its effectiveness. One of such problems is that limb movement and muscle contraction cause the offset of stimulation electrode position, resulting in recruitment of other muscles (Grandjean and Mortimer 1986). Another problem is that directly stimulating muscles leads to faster muscle fatigue (Mushahwar and Horch 2000; Bamford et al. 2005). To overcome these problems, intraspinal microstimulation (ISMS) is proposed to restore the motor function after paraplegia (Mushahwar and Horch 1998). As a special FES method (Saigal et al. 2004), ISMS activates the movement of paralyzed limbs by electrically stimulating the spinal cord. Studies have shown that electrical stimulation of the spinal cord can activate motor neurons or motor neuron networks, resulting in the contraction of a single muscle or muscle group (Yakovenko et al. 2002; Rouhani and Erfanian 2018). ISMS can activate limb movement in a closer physiological order than direct electrical stimulation of muscle, to delay the generation of muscle fatigue (Mushahwar and Horch 2000).
Wearable electronic textiles
Published in Textile Progress, 2019
David Tyler, Jane Wood, Tasneem Sabir, Chloe McDonnell, Abu Sadat Muhammad Sayem, Nick Whittaker
Functional electrical stimulation (FES) is a well-recognised medical treatment used to support the movement and stimulate muscle activity in the paralysed limbs of patients with central nervous system (CNS) lesions. These lesions are often the result of spinal cord injury and neurological conditions such as stroke. FES treatment is conducted by using an anodic and cathodic electrode pair placed on the surface of the skin over the targeted muscle. Electrical charges are transmitted between the electrode pair in sequences providing transcutaneous surface stimulation, activating the nerves to stimulate muscle activity [169]. Electrical stimulation is also used in sport science applications, to burn fat, increase muscle power, increase blood circulation [140] and in medical applications such as incontinence prevention [163].
A Comparative Review of Different Methods Used for Studying the Efficacy of Functional Electrical Stimulation for Foot Drop Patients
Published in IETE Technical Review, 2023
Bijit Basumatary, Indira Kundu, Sayantani Ghosh, Rajinder Bansal, Ashish Sahani
Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES) is a technology that involves the use of electrical currents to stimulate the muscles and nerves in the body in order to improve their function. It has been applied for the rehabilitation of patients who had spinal cord injuries, stroke, multiple sclerosis, and cerebral palsy, and in sports training to increase athletic performance [3]. The fundamental idea behind FES is applying an electrical current to a muscle or nerve in order to cause a contraction or other useful movement. Typically, electrodes are positioned on the skin or implanted in the body to administer the electrical stimulation. To produce the desired result, the electrical pulses’ timing and intensity can be changed [23].