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Breast imaging
Published in A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha, Clark’s Procedures in Diagnostic Imaging: A System-Based Approach, 2020
A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha
Architectural distortion is a feature of many carcinomas. It also occurs with benign conditions, such as sclerosing adenosis, radial scar and fat necrosis. In most of these cases, it can be proven benign only by histology. Surgical scarring causes linear distortion, which may be remarkably subtle with modern surgical technique; if gross, it will mask early features of recurrent disease.
Automated Computer Aided Diagnosis Using Altered Multi-Phase Level Sets in Application to Categorize the Breast Cancer Biopsy Images
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2021
Rajyalakshmi Uppada, Satya Prasad Kodati, Sanagapallela Koteswara Rao
Breast Cancer (BC) maintains second position as a threatening disease compared to lung cancer. Patients will undergo biopsy test when the results from macroscopic diagnostics are not satisfied. Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) tissue images obtained from microscope are used for classification as benign or malignant. The tissue images are collected with different magnification levels i.e. 4×/10×, 20×, 40× magnifications for segmentation of tissue/gland, cell, and nucleus, respectively [1]. The women breast histology is of stroma, ducts, lobules, lymphatic, and blood vessels. Ductal BC is the most frequently (more than 80%) occurring carcinoma. Therefore, our proposed method focuses more on Ductal BC. Benign tumors include fibrocystic changes, cysts, fibro adenomas, trauma, fat necrosis, and lactation changes. Malignant tumors may be non- invasive or invasive. Invasive BC have four stages I, II, III, or IV. More the cell spread, higher will be the cell stage from I, II, or III. For Stage IV, the cell spread goes beyond other lymph nodes [2]. For grading of BC images, marker controlled watershed is required to partition the nucleus from stroma, cytoplasm, and the background. Computer aided diagnosis system is becoming an important tool to support and assist radiologists and internists in BC detection and diagnosis. Such systems consist of segmentation and classification phase. Jayadevappa et al. have undergone the study of distinguished image segmentation techniques applicable for medical images. These innovative techniques provide highly automatic and accurate foreground data compared to the manual tracing boundaries. The quantitative result attained will support the medical investigators, and clinicians while diagnosis. This paper identifies the pros and cons of several deformable methods from past three decades needed for segmenting the biomedical images [3].
A Systematic Review of Real-time Fine-needle Aspiration Biopsy Methods for Soft Tissues
Published in IETE Technical Review, 2022
Rahul Nadda, Ashish Kumar Sahani, Ramjee Repaka
In 1853 Sir James Paget [6] also preferred the aspiration biopsy and revealed in his lecture that the sample was probably inspected as cell spread. Later in1863, Prichard [7] utilized a corrugated needle to perform the breast biopsy and presented an admirable explanation of cytopathologic characteristics of fat necrosis. To examine and diagnose the pneumonia Leyden [8], in 1883, reported the first recognized transthoracic aspiration biopsy. FNA biopsy involves studying various cells acquired by stabbing human body tissues with small dimension gauge needles [9]. FNA biopsy is broadly recognized as a primary diagnostic implement for malignant, benign, and entire body lesions. A portion of skin has been dressed at the needle entrance tip, and then the lump tumor is inspected. If a mass lesion is detected then a surgeon or doctor will palpate the mass to position it for the needle. However, if the mass lesion cannot be seen, generally doctors implement different real-time imaging methods such as computed tomography (CT), ultrasound (US), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to examine the tumors and lumps [10,11]. A mass lesion is an actual indication of FNA biopsy, either tangible or detectable through some imaging techniques, which firmly demonstrate the presence of neoplasm. The number of diagnostic potentials is insufficient. FNA biopsy is not utilized for compact and irrelevant lymph nodes. This method is suitable mainly for the supervision of tumors (benign and malignant). The needle used for FNA biopsy has a hollow inner portion and is considerably more sufficient than a commonly used needle. The schematic representation of the FNA biopsy procedure with a fine needle for the posterior ilium crest is shown in Figure 1. FNA biopsy is typically performed with 22-gauge to 27-gauge needles, and the process gives a specimen for cytological inspection, with feasible cell block development.